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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roda, Jean-Marc; Kamaruddin, Norfaryanti; Palhiarim Tobias, Rafael;

    Promoting tropical forest sustainability among corporate players is a major challenge. Many tools have been developed, but without much success. Southeast Asia has become a laboratory of globalization processes, where the development and success of agribusiness transnationals raises questions about their commitment to environmental concerns. An abundance of literature discusses what determines the behavior of Asian corporations, with a particular emphasis on cultural factors. Our hypothesis is that financial factors, such as ownership structure, may also have a fundamental role. We analyzed the audited accounts of four major Asian agribusiness transnationals. Using network analysis, we deciphered how the 931 companies relate to each other and determine the behavior of the transnationals to which they belong. We compared various metrics with the environmental commitment of these transnationals. We found that ownership structures reflect differences in flexibility, control and transaction costs, but not in ethnicities. Capital and its control, ownership structure, and flexibility explain 97% of the environmental behavior. It means that existing market-based tools to promote environmental sustainability do not engage transnationals at the scale where most of their behavior is determined. For OPEN ACCESS Forests 2015, 6 1455 the first time, the inner mechanisms of corporate governance are unraveled in agricultural and forest sustainability. New implications such as the convergence of environmental sustainability with family business sustainability emerged. International audience

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2015
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    Forests
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestsarrow_drop_down
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      Forests
      Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      Article . 2015
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      Forests
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    Authors: Tan, Andrew K. G.; Yen, Steven T.; Hasan, Abdul Rahman; Muhamed, Kamarudin;

    (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)Malaysians have long enjoyed meat and meat products (hereafter referred to simply as meat) as staple foods in household diets. The popularity of meat there is reflected in data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that suggest that annual per capita consumption of meat in Malaysia increased steadily between 1990 and 2009, rising more than 40 percent-from 37.2 kilograms to 52.3 kilograms. Thus, Malaysia ranked as one of the top meat-consuming countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region in 2009 (FAO Statistics Division 2013). This trend corroborated data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey showing that average household expenditures on meat had been gradually increasing; the average annual expenditure was MYR 41.00 in 1993, MYR 50.00 in 1998, MYR 54.00 in 2004, and MYR 64.00 in 2009 (Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011).1In addition to its characteristic aroma, texture, and flavor, meat is an important source of high-quality protein (amino acids) and vitamins. In adequate portions, meat is an excellent source of essential minerals for optimal health, contributes to the development and maintenance of muscles, provides energy, prevents anemia, and supports the immune system (Murphy and Allen 2003, McAfee et al. 2010). Nevertheless, the nutritional benefits of consuming meat are tempered by concerns about potential harmful effects of meat-rich diets associated with a high intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol (Wang and Beydoun 2009). Diets loaded with fat and cholesterol have been linked to a host of chronic health disorders, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer (Chao et al. 2005).A review of the literature reveals a considerable body of research on the effects of meat consumption in western countries (e.g., Burton, Dorsett, and Young 2000, Newman, Henchion, and Matthews 2001, Yen and Lin 2008) but few investigations of the socio-demographic factors associated with the likelihood of purchasing meat and consumers' expenditure patterns in newly industrialized countries such as Malaysia. Ahmed and Mohamad (2007) studied consumption patterns for various types of meat in Malaysia but the scope was limited due to the sectoral nature of the data used. Tey (2008) used data on nationwide household expenditures and a single-equation Tobit (censored regression) model to investigate demand for various types of food items, including meat, with an emphasis on income and own-price elasticities. Abdullah (1997), Ishida, Law, and Aita (2003), and Tey et al. (2010) focused on price and income (expenditure) elasticities of meat with little attention to theThere is a need for more detailed disaggregated analyses of Malaysia's meat market. As postulated by Ahmed and Mohamed (2007), in addition to the effects of evolving relative prices and rising incomes, growth in meat consumption is associated with changes in dietary patterns, tastes, preferences, and the overall development of marketing and distribution channels. Newman and Matthews (2002) suggested that markets for various types of meat are distinctive, offering unique characteristics that meet consumer needs and complement their lifestyle choices. For instance, meat can be purchased from retailers fresh or as a frozen or processed product. Fresh meat requires preparation at home and purchases may thus be closely related to household preferences for convenience, which would likely be prevalent among younger, urban, all-working, and professional consumers (Newman, Henchion, and Matthews 2001, Newman and Matthews 2002). Consequently, household members who place a high value on convenience may prefer processed products to fresh meat. However, processed meat products often contain large amounts of salt, nitrates, and chemical preservatives that can be detrimental to human health (Wang and Beydoun 2009). As a result, household members concerned about such health-related issues may favor fresh meat over frozen or processed meat. …

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    Agricultural and Resource Economics Review
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Agricultural and Resource Economics Review
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Golam Faruq; Rosna Mat Taha; Zakaria H. Prodhan;

    Abstract: Increasing and sustainable production of rice in tropical hill area is facing various problems where rice ratooning can overcome the limitations. In this study; 22 rice entries were transplanted into experimental tank placed in the hill slope following Completely Randomized Design with five replications to asses’ agronomic performance of main crop and ratoon crop where Entry 13 demonstrated highest grain yield per plant (42.06 ± 1.2 gm) as main crop, as well as ratoon crop (3.37 ± 0.28 gm); Entry 19 produced lowest grain yield per plant (5.01 ± 0.31 gm) as main crop and Entry 31 as ratoon crop (0.47 ± 0.03 gm). The grain yield per plant of both the main and ratoon crop demonstrated significant (** at 5% level and *** at 1% level) positive correlation with number of tiller per plant (0.64 ** and 0.52); number of fertile tiller per plant (0.66 ** and 0.63 **); grain per panicle (0.72 ** and 0.53); fertile grain per panicle (0.80 *** and 0.63) and thousand-grain weight (0.66 ** and 0.54). The Duncan Multiple Range test and Analysis of Variance also confirmed the different grouping and significant differences of productivity and agronomic performances of the entries. The information of this investigation will helps the rice breeder as well as marginal rice farmers to consider rice ratooning as an important practice for sustainable rice production in tropical agriculture system for maximum gains.

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    Sustainability
    Other literature type . Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2014
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2014
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      Other literature type . Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ismail Latiff; Mohd. Ariff Hussein; Nalini Arumugam; Nurul Aisyah;

    The objective of this study is to determine factors affecting the technical efficiency of the inshore fisheries in Kuala Terengganu. Data for the study was collected from a survey conducted between June and August 2007 where 100 fishermen in 14 villages were chosen by stratified sampling. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Tobit analysis were employed to determine the technical efficiency level and factors influencing technical efficiency among the fishermen. Results of the study show that, most fishing units exhibit a low degree of technical efficiency. This implies that either fishing inputs were used inefficiently or insufficient inputs were used in fishing activities. The mean technical efficiency for the sample was estimated to be 55% for the peak season and 40% for the non peak season. About 37% and 62% of the fishermen had less than 40% level of technical efficiency in peak season and non peak season respectively. Management variables (planning, staffing and controlling) and demographic variables (size of horsepower, size of family and formal education) exert positive effects on technical efficiency of inshore fisheries in Kuala Terengganu. These findings suggest that there is much room for improvement in efficiency among a large segment of the inshore fishermen. With appropriate training and using more advanced technologies, fishermen’ level of technical efficiency can be raised.

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    Authors: Muhammad Shakil Ahmad; Noraini Bt. Abu Talib;

    Most of the developing nations are still struggling for efficient use of their resources. In order to overcome physical and administrative constraints of the development, it is necessary to transfer the power from the central government to local authorities. Distribution of power from improves the management of resources and community participation which is considered key to sustainable development. Advocates of decentralization argue that decentralized government is source to improve community participation in rural development. Decentralized government is considered more responsive towards local needs and development of poor peoples. There are many obstacles to expand the citizen participation in rural areas. There are many approaches for participatory development but all have to face the same challenges. Current paper highlights the literature about Decentralization and participatory rural development. Concept and modalities of Decentralization, dimensions of participation, types of rural participation and obstacles to participation are also the part of this paper.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2011
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    EconStor
    Article . 2011
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    Authors: Hafiz Hanzla Jalil; Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal;

    From the economic point of view, urbanisation is good as it facilitates achievement of economies of scale and thus promotes growth of industries and development in the economy. However, from the social point of view, urbanisation encourages crime as the rate of crime is higher in large cities and in urbanised areas. Several explanations of the phenomenon have been provided in the literature but none of these provide a sound analysis of the linkage between urbanisation and crime. The objective of this paper is to explore this linkage. We use the Johansen Cointegration method, and the period of analysis is 1964–2008. Besides urbanisation, four other socio-economic determinants, which may influence crime, are also analysed. These are unemployment, inflation, income inequality, and education. The results show a long-run positive and unique relationship between urbanisation and crime in Pakistan. Since migration to urban areas is mostly caused by a search for jobs, the policy-makers should plan for more industrial centres in the rural areas. These industrial centres will provide employment and, consequently, urbanisation and crime would be better controlled

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Pakistan Develop...arrow_drop_down
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    The Pakistan Development Review
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Pakistan Development Review
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: AININ SULAIMAN; NOOR ISMAWATI JAAFAR; ROHANA JANI;

    This paper focuses on examining the ICT diffusion by studying an initiative of the Malaysian government to bridge the digital divide that exists across the country's urban and rural communities. This is achieved through investigating the operation and the experience of a typical Rural Internet Centre. The findings of this study showed that there is keen interest among the community to learn and sharpen their ICT-related skills. The Internet Centre serves to provide an avenue for the realisation of this goal. The study showed that despite some operational snags, the Internet Centre performed well. One of the by-products of the centre was that its activities fostered closer relationships among users; it provided an avenue for disparate community members to interact and share their new skills. Bringing the ICT usage and appreciation to the rural areas was successful. About half of the centre users made weekly visits during which they searched for information on the internet, sent and received e-mail and attended the Internet Centre's regular IT classes. They also saw it as a valuable communication channel and a potential leveller of the technological capability gap.

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  • Authors: SONIYA BILLORE; AHMAD HJ ZAINUDDIN; NORASHFAH HANIM YAAKOP YAHAYA AL-HAJ; DAPHNE HALKIAS;

    The role of women in Japan was traditionally restricted to housekeeping and childrearing. Over the years, changes in Japanese lifestyle and attitudes have created new grounds for women to venture into small businesses. Although this new personality aspect of women has been accepted, by and large, in larger cities of Japan, it is yet to be accepted in rural areas. Given this background, it becomes even more challenging for a foreigner — an immigrant woman entrepreneur — to set up shop and conduct business in Japan. This study looks at the status of female immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan. Through a qualitative study, it explores the experiences and challenges female entrepreneurs must face before they achieve stability in their businesses. It highlights and draws attention to areas where changes in governance structure and social acceptance can be made so a more positive environment can be built up and the relationship between Japan and the immigrant entrepreneurs can be strengthened.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hanafiah; Huijbregts; Hendriks;

    The ecological footprint (EF) commonly neglects the influence of other stressors than land use and CO 2 emissions on the land area required for human activities. This study analyzes the relevancy of including nutrients and non-CO 2 greenhouse gases in the EF assessment of products. The analysis was based on environmental information for 1,925 goods and services. Our findings suggest that within specific product categories, i.e. , waste treatment processes, bio-based energy, agricultural products and chemicals, adding non-CO 2 greenhouse gases and nutrient emissions can have a dominant influence on the EF results.

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    Sustainability
    Other literature type . Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2010
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      Other literature type . Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mahabadi, Hossein Ameri; Aliakbarian, Hadi; Enayati, Amin; Soltani, Maryam Ashayer; +1 Authors

    Electromagnetic waves have been suggested for use in a vast range of applications in agriculture and food processing society. Although there is sill a long way for them to be used commercially, the idea can help us to consider this method as an alternative solution for different problems. Heating effect of the waves, especially if used as differential heating, is an efficient way to keep the pests away from the valuable products. The treatment base on EM wave can be employed in indoor or outdoor environments. Nevertheless, it has already been used for indoor environments due to technical and environmental issues. Other topics such as anti-freezing and none-thermal treatment have also been discussed. In conclusion, the usage of the method in commercial scale is likely applicable in a near future .

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roda, Jean-Marc; Kamaruddin, Norfaryanti; Palhiarim Tobias, Rafael;

    Promoting tropical forest sustainability among corporate players is a major challenge. Many tools have been developed, but without much success. Southeast Asia has become a laboratory of globalization processes, where the development and success of agribusiness transnationals raises questions about their commitment to environmental concerns. An abundance of literature discusses what determines the behavior of Asian corporations, with a particular emphasis on cultural factors. Our hypothesis is that financial factors, such as ownership structure, may also have a fundamental role. We analyzed the audited accounts of four major Asian agribusiness transnationals. Using network analysis, we deciphered how the 931 companies relate to each other and determine the behavior of the transnationals to which they belong. We compared various metrics with the environmental commitment of these transnationals. We found that ownership structures reflect differences in flexibility, control and transaction costs, but not in ethnicities. Capital and its control, ownership structure, and flexibility explain 97% of the environmental behavior. It means that existing market-based tools to promote environmental sustainability do not engage transnationals at the scale where most of their behavior is determined. For OPEN ACCESS Forests 2015, 6 1455 the first time, the inner mechanisms of corporate governance are unraveled in agricultural and forest sustainability. New implications such as the convergence of environmental sustainability with family business sustainability emerged. International audience

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    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Tan, Andrew K. G.; Yen, Steven T.; Hasan, Abdul Rahman; Muhamed, Kamarudin;

    (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)Malaysians have long enjoyed meat and meat products (hereafter referred to simply as meat) as staple foods in household diets. The popularity of meat there is reflected in data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that suggest that annual per capita consumption of meat in Malaysia increased steadily between 1990 and 2009, rising more than 40 percent-from 37.2 kilograms to 52.3 kilograms. Thus, Malaysia ranked as one of the top meat-consuming countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region in 2009 (FAO Statistics Division 2013). This trend corroborated data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey showing that average household expenditures on meat had been gradually increasing; the average annual expenditure was MYR 41.00 in 1993, MYR 50.00 in 1998, MYR 54.00 in 2004, and MYR 64.00 in 2009 (Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011).1In addition to its characteristic aroma, texture, and flavor, meat is an important source of high-quality protein (amino acids) and vitamins. In adequate portions, meat is an excellent source of essential minerals for optimal health, contributes to the development and maintenance of muscles, provides energy, prevents anemia, and supports the immune system (Murphy and Allen 2003, McAfee et al. 2010). Nevertheless, the nutritional benefits of consuming meat are tempered by concerns about potential harmful effects of meat-rich diets associated with a high intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol (Wang and Beydoun 2009). Diets loaded with fat and cholesterol have been linked to a host of chronic health disorders, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer (Chao et al. 2005).A review of the literature reveals a considerable body of research on the effects of meat consumption in western countries (e.g., Burton, Dorsett, and Young 2000, Newman, Henchion, and Matthews 2001, Yen and Lin 2008) but few investigations of the socio-demographic factors associated with the likelihood of purchasing meat and consumers' expenditure patterns in newly industrialized countries such as Malaysia. Ahmed and Mohamad (2007) studied consumption patterns for various types of meat in Malaysia but the scope was limited due to the sectoral nature of the data used. Tey (2008) used data on nationwide household expenditures and a single-equation Tobit (censored regression) model to investigate demand for various types of food items, including meat, with an emphasis on income and own-price elasticities. Abdullah (1997), Ishida, Law, and Aita (2003), and Tey et al. (2010) focused on price and income (expenditure) elasticities of meat with little attention to theThere is a need for more detailed disaggregated analyses of Malaysia's meat market. As postulated by Ahmed and Mohamed (2007), in addition to the effects of evolving relative prices and rising incomes, growth in meat consumption is associated with changes in dietary patterns, tastes, preferences, and the overall development of marketing and distribution channels. Newman and Matthews (2002) suggested that markets for various types of meat are distinctive, offering unique characteristics that meet consumer needs and complement their lifestyle choices. For instance, meat can be purchased from retailers fresh or as a frozen or processed product. Fresh meat requires preparation at home and purchases may thus be closely related to household preferences for convenience, which would likely be prevalent among younger, urban, all-working, and professional consumers (Newman, Henchion, and Matthews 2001, Newman and Matthews 2002). Consequently, household members who place a high value on convenience may prefer processed products to fresh meat. However, processed meat products often contain large amounts of salt, nitrates, and chemical preservatives that can be detrimental to human health (Wang and Beydoun 2009). As a result, household members concerned about such health-related issues may favor fresh meat over frozen or processed meat. …

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    Agricultural and Resource Economics Review
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Golam Faruq; Rosna Mat Taha; Zakaria H. Prodhan;

    Abstract: Increasing and sustainable production of rice in tropical hill area is facing various problems where rice ratooning can overcome the limitations. In this study; 22 rice entries were transplanted into experimental tank placed in the hill slope following Completely Randomized Design with five replications to asses’ agronomic performance of main crop and ratoon crop where Entry 13 demonstrated highest grain yield per plant (42.06 ± 1.2 gm) as main crop, as well as ratoon crop (3.37 ± 0.28 gm); Entry 19 produced lowest grain yield per plant (5.01 ± 0.31 gm) as main crop and Entry 31 as ratoon crop (0.47 ± 0.03 gm). The grain yield per plant of both the main and ratoon crop demonstrated significant (** at 5% level and *** at 1% level) positive correlation with number of tiller per plant (0.64 ** and 0.52); number of fertile tiller per plant (0.66 ** and 0.63 **); grain per panicle (0.72 ** and 0.53); fertile grain per panicle (0.80 *** and 0.63) and thousand-grain weight (0.66 ** and 0.54). The Duncan Multiple Range test and Analysis of Variance also confirmed the different grouping and significant differences of productivity and agronomic performances of the entries. The information of this investigation will helps the rice breeder as well as marginal rice farmers to consider rice ratooning as an important practice for sustainable rice production in tropical agriculture system for maximum gains.

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    Sustainability
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    Authors: Ismail Latiff; Mohd. Ariff Hussein; Nalini Arumugam; Nurul Aisyah;

    The objective of this study is to determine factors affecting the technical efficiency of the inshore fisheries in Kuala Terengganu. Data for the study was collected from a survey conducted between June and August 2007 where 100 fishermen in 14 villages were chosen by stratified sampling. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Tobit analysis were employed to determine the technical efficiency level and factors influencing technical efficiency among the fishermen. Results of the study show that, most fishing units exhibit a low degree of technical efficiency. This implies that either fishing inputs were used inefficiently or insufficient inputs were used in fishing activities. The mean technical efficiency for the sample was estimated to be 55% for the peak season and 40% for the non peak season. About 37% and 62% of the fishermen had less than 40% level of technical efficiency in peak season and non peak season respectively. Management variables (planning, staffing and controlling) and demographic variables (size of horsepower, size of family and formal education) exert positive effects on technical efficiency of inshore fisheries in Kuala Terengganu. These findings suggest that there is much room for improvement in efficiency among a large segment of the inshore fishermen. With appropriate training and using more advanced technologies, fishermen’ level of technical efficiency can be raised.

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    Authors: Muhammad Shakil Ahmad; Noraini Bt. Abu Talib;

    Most of the developing nations are still struggling for efficient use of their resources. In order to overcome physical and administrative constraints of the development, it is necessary to transfer the power from the central government to local authorities. Distribution of power from improves the management of resources and community participation which is considered key to sustainable development. Advocates of decentralization argue that decentralized government is source to improve community participation in rural development. Decentralized government is considered more responsive towards local needs and development of poor peoples. There are many obstacles to expand the citizen participation in rural areas. There are many approaches for participatory development but all have to face the same challenges. Current paper highlights the literature about Decentralization and participatory rural development. Concept and modalities of Decentralization, dimensions of participation, types of rural participation and obstacles to participation are also the part of this paper.

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    Authors: Hafiz Hanzla Jalil; Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal;

    From the economic point of view, urbanisation is good as it facilitates achievement of economies of scale and thus promotes growth of industries and development in the economy. However, from the social point of view, urbanisation encourages crime as the rate of crime is higher in large cities and in urbanised areas. Several explanations of the phenomenon have been provided in the literature but none of these provide a sound analysis of the linkage between urbanisation and crime. The objective of this paper is to explore this linkage. We use the Johansen Cointegration method, and the period of analysis is 1964–2008. Besides urbanisation, four other socio-economic determinants, which may influence crime, are also analysed. These are unemployment, inflation, income inequality, and education. The results show a long-run positive and unique relationship between urbanisation and crime in Pakistan. Since migration to urban areas is mostly caused by a search for jobs, the policy-makers should plan for more industrial centres in the rural areas. These industrial centres will provide employment and, consequently, urbanisation and crime would be better controlled

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    The Pakistan Development Review
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Pakistan Development Review
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: AININ SULAIMAN; NOOR ISMAWATI JAAFAR; ROHANA JANI;

    This paper focuses on examining the ICT diffusion by studying an initiative of the Malaysian government to bridge the digital divide that exists across the country's urban and rural communities. This is achieved through investigating the operation and the experience of a typical Rural Internet Centre. The findings of this study showed that there is keen interest among the community to learn and sharpen their ICT-related skills. The Internet Centre serves to provide an avenue for the realisation of this goal. The study showed that despite some operational snags, the Internet Centre performed well. One of the by-products of the centre was that its activities fostered closer relationships among users; it provided an avenue for disparate community members to interact and share their new skills. Bringing the ICT usage and appreciation to the rural areas was successful. About half of the centre users made weekly visits during which they searched for information on the internet, sent and received e-mail and attended the Internet Centre's regular IT classes. They also saw it as a valuable communication channel and a potential leveller of the technological capability gap.

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  • Authors: SONIYA BILLORE; AHMAD HJ ZAINUDDIN; NORASHFAH HANIM YAAKOP YAHAYA AL-HAJ; DAPHNE HALKIAS;

    The role of women in Japan was traditionally restricted to housekeeping and childrearing. Over the years, changes in Japanese lifestyle and attitudes have created new grounds for women to venture into small businesses. Although this new personality aspect of women has been accepted, by and large, in larger cities of Japan, it is yet to be accepted in rural areas. Given this background, it becomes even more challenging for a foreigner — an immigrant woman entrepreneur — to set up shop and conduct business in Japan. This study looks at the status of female immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan. Through a qualitative study, it explores the experiences and challenges female entrepreneurs must face before they achieve stability in their businesses. It highlights and draws attention to areas where changes in governance structure and social acceptance can be made so a more positive environment can be built up and the relationship between Japan and the immigrant entrepreneurs can be strengthened.

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    Authors: Hanafiah; Huijbregts; Hendriks;

    The ecological footprint (EF) commonly neglects the influence of other stressors than land use and CO 2 emissions on the land area required for human activities. This study analyzes the relevancy of including nutrients and non-CO 2 greenhouse gases in the EF assessment of products. The analysis was based on environmental information for 1,925 goods and services. Our findings suggest that within specific product categories, i.e. , waste treatment processes, bio-based energy, agricultural products and chemicals, adding non-CO 2 greenhouse gases and nutrient emissions can have a dominant influence on the EF results.

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    Sustainability
    Other literature type . Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2010
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      Sustainability
      Other literature type . Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2010
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    Authors: Mahabadi, Hossein Ameri; Aliakbarian, Hadi; Enayati, Amin; Soltani, Maryam Ashayer; +1 Authors

    Electromagnetic waves have been suggested for use in a vast range of applications in agriculture and food processing society. Although there is sill a long way for them to be used commercially, the idea can help us to consider this method as an alternative solution for different problems. Heating effect of the waves, especially if used as differential heating, is an efficient way to keep the pests away from the valuable products. The treatment base on EM wave can be employed in indoor or outdoor environments. Nevertheless, it has already been used for indoor environments due to technical and environmental issues. Other topics such as anti-freezing and none-thermal treatment have also been discussed. In conclusion, the usage of the method in commercial scale is likely applicable in a near future .

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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2010
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    https://doi.org/10.5772/8430...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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