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  • Forestry An International Journal o...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: David Gil-Moreno; Rubén Manso; Conan O’Ceallaigh; Annette M Harte;

    Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and larch (Larix spp.) are two species that could contribute to diversifying Ireland’s timber supply. However, there is little knowledge about their properties as well as their variation with age. The aim of this study is to investigate the structural properties (modulus of elasticity, strength and density) of Irish-grown Scots pine and larch and the effect of cambial age on timber grading. Structural-sized pieces were used for this purpose, and the timber properties, knots and ring width were measured on 158 and 250 pieces of Scots pine and larch, respectively. Characteristic values of the properties and indicative yields for different strength classes were calculated. The age effect was assessed using an empirical approach, and a novel modelling approach that disaggregates the timber properties at the annual growth ring level. Yields above 90 per cent of C20 were achieved for Scots pine, whereas larch achieved a 100 per cent yield of C24 strength class. The effect of cambial age in the grading properties indicated that older boards increased the characteristic values of a timber population. In Scots pine, the empirical approach showed that the yields increased by up to 26 per cent when using pieces up to 50 years old compared with pieces up to 30 years old. In larch, the use of pieces up to 40 years old increased the yields by up to 16 per cent compared with using pieces up to 30 years old. The results of the modelling approach were consistent with the values obtained in the empirical analysis and can help to make informed decisions regarding rotation lengths for the production of structural timber. Our results found that cambial ages of 40 years in Scots pine produce high yields of structural timber, whereas 30 years are enough for larch. Forest Sector Development Division of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland [WoodProps]; and the Higher Education Authority and the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science [HEA Covid-19 Costed Extension]. peer-reviewed

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Lerink, B.J.W.; Schelhaas, M.; Schreiber, R.; Aurenhammer, H.; +18 Authors

    Abstract The demand for wood in Europe is expected to increase in the coming decades. However, any theoretical maximum supply will be affected by sustainability constraints, the motivations of forest owners and regional factors, such as incentives, species and assortments. However, the influence of these factors on supply is changeable. In this study, we quantify what might be realistically available as additional wood supply from currently existing European forests, based on a combination of results of the forest resource model EFISCEN-Space and a literature review of national supply projections. Wood mobilization scenarios for 10 representative Model Regions in Europe that assume forest owners and managers in the simulated regions will adapt their behaviour to alternative behaviour as recorded from other regions were projected with the EFISCEN-Space model. The realistic additional potential based on the literature review is 90 million m3 yr−1. This potential should be attainable within 10–20 years. However, the simulations in the Model Regions found potentials to be lower in 7 out of 10 cases as compared with the country they are located in. On average, the model regions reached less than half of the potential as compared with the literature review. This suggests that the realistic additional potential at the European scale may well be lower if all mobilization barriers are taken into account in more detail, but also highlights the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. We conclude from the analyses that although there are large differences in potential between regions and the analysis method employed, there are no ‘hotspots’ where a large pool of accessible wood can be quickly mobilized using existing infrastructure for nearby industries. An increase in harvest would therefore only be possible with a large effort that spans the whole chain, from forest owners’ behaviour to capacity building, financial incentives and matching resources to harvesting capacity. The additionally available wood can most likely only be mobilized against higher marginal costs and will thus only become available in times of higher stumpage prices. The largest potential lies in privately owned forests which often have a fragmented ownership but will most likely be able to supply more wood, though mostly from deciduous species. In the long term (more than 20 years), additional wood, compared with the amounts we found for short term, can only be made available through investments in afforestation, forest restoration, improved forest management and more efficient use of raw material and recycled material.

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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Research@WUR
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Duffy, Catriona; Tuffen, Melanie G; Fealy, Rowan; Griffin, Christine T;

    Abstract Invertebrate forest pests and pathogens can cause considerable economic losses and modern patterns of trade have facilitated the international movement of pest species on an unprecedented level. This upsurge in trade has increased the pathways available to high risk species, facilitating entry and potential establishment in nations where they were previously absent. To support policy and pest prioritization, pest risk analyses are conducted to decide ‘if’ and ‘how’ pests should be regulated in order to prevent entry or establishment; however, they cannot be carried out for every potential pest. This paper utilizes a hierarchical clustering (HC) approach to analyse distribution data for pests of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in order to identify species of high risk to Ireland, as well as potential source regions of these pests. The presence and absence of almost a 1000 pests across 386 regions globally are clustered based on their similarity of pest assemblages, to provide an objective examination of the highest risk pests to Irish forestry. Regional clusters were produced for each taxon analysed including the Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Nematoda, Lepidoptera and the Fungi. The results produced by the HC analysis were interpreted with regard to biological realism and climate. Biologically meaningful clusters were produced for each of the groups, except for the Diptera and Nematoda, and each of the species analysed were ranked within their group by a quantitative risk index specific to the island of Ireland. The impact of uncertainty in the distribution data is also examined, in order to assess its influence over the final groupings produced. The outputs from this analysis suggest that the highest risk pests for Ireland’s Sitka spruce plantations will originate from within Europe. Ultimately, Ireland could benefit from seeking regulation for some of the higher ranking pests identified in this analysis. This analysis provides the first of its type for Sitka spruce, as well as its application in Ireland. It also serves to highlight the potential utility of HC as a ‘first approach’ to assessing the risk posed by alien species to hitherto novel regions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Maynooth University ...arrow_drop_down
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Melanie G Tuffen; Helen Grogan;

    Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is the predominant tree species used in Irish forestry, comprising over 50 per cent of the forest estate. The island of Ireland is free of many of the most damaging pests and diseases of spruce present in Europe, and consequently forest stands of Sitka spruce are generally healthy and productive. FORM is a research project with the aim to enhance productivity and pest and disease resistance to key forest species in Ireland. It includes a work package to identify and risk analyse threats to Sitka spruce. A global pest list of spruce was compiled and identified over 1000 pests and potential pests of spruce. Using the pest list as a starting point, this review examines the major pests of Sitka spruce both in its native range in the Pacific Northwest of North America and within Europe where it is grown as an exotic. It also reviews emerging pests and diseases of spruces in general that may threaten Sitka spruce plantations in Ireland. Details of how pest risk analysis of these threats can aid in their continued exclusion are discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Olga M. Grant; Ana Flor Montero Ribeiro; Phillip Glombik; Conor O'Reilly;

    Climate change may reduce the benefits of tree improvement. We investigated the response to limited water availability of seedlings from nine improved full-sibling families of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plus an unimproved seed lot (‘Washington control’). Seedlings were 1-year old at the start of the imposition of two water availability treatments, which were maintained for 2.5 years: full irrigation, in which all water transpired was replaced, and water limitation, in which irrigation was provided to match only 30% of the transpiration of the Washington control under full irrigation. Both family and water availability affected leader extension rate, height, root collar diameter and total dry mass at the end of the following 2 years. Water limitation reduced leaf area and fresh mass per unit stem length and delayed bud flush. Specific leaf area was affected by water limitation earlier but not later in the experiment; the reverse was true of root to shoot ratio and numbers of primordia. Under full irrigation, five improved families maintained superiority over the Washington control in terms of height, root collar diameter and total biomass at the end of the experiment. Under water limitation, however, by the end of the experiment, seedlings from the improved families had no greater total biomass than those of the Washington control, reflecting the homogenizing impact of water limitation on production of leader biomass. Thus, for Sitka spruce, planting the most vigorous material will maximize gains under optimal conditions, but have little benefit in stress conditions.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kevin Black;

    There is an increasing resource assessment and management requirement for single-tree-based stand models due to a shift towards mixed-species and ‘back to nature’ forestry. This paper describes the validation and calibration of the CARBWARE stand simulator, a distance-independent single-tree growth modelling framework specifically modified to include spatially explicit climatic and soil factors. Tree growth functional analysis suggests that stand competition factors contribute to most (21 –33 per cent) of the observed variation in diameter increment, followed by tree size factors (17 –20 per cent). Edaphic and other site factors, particularly soil nutrition and moisture status, explained 4 –11 per cent of the observed site-to-site variation. The developed empirical relationships may provide a deterministic framework for improving developed ecological site classification systems. Independent validation showed that the CARBWARE simulator provides a robust and un-bias estimate of single-tree and standbased variables for both pure and intimate mixed stands. However, refinements to the simulator are still required, particularly improvement to climatic and genetic response factors, mortality functions for mixed-species stands and inclusion of regeneration/recruitment models.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Robert L. Deal; Paul E. Hennon; Richard O'Hanlon; David V. D'Amore;

    There is increasing interest worldwide in managing forests to maintain or improve biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services and assure long-term sustainability of forest resources. An important goal of forest management is to increase stand diversity, provide wildlife habitat and improve forest species diversity. We synthesize results from natural spruce forests in southeast Alaska and suggest strategies for managing Sitka spruce plantations in other parts of the world to benefit biodiversity and enhance a variety of forest ecosystem services. We also discuss the roles of fungi in increasing both biological and structural diversity in Sitka spruce forests. New silvicultural systems that use partial cutting in older spruce forests could alleviate some of the problems associated with conventional even aged management and increase both stand structural diversity and biodiversity. We found that mixed red alder-conifer stands in Alaska provided more heterogeneous structures than the pure conifer stands that typically develop after clearcutting. Well-planned silvicultural systems that include broadleaved species such as alder or birch could provide trees for timber production, improve wildlife habitat and a variety of other ecosystem services that are often compromised in young pure conifer forests.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Esteban Gómez-García; Felipe Crecente-Campo; Brian Tobin; Michael Hawkins; +2 Authors

    This study develops some components to complete a management-oriented dynamic model system for simulating current and future volume and biomass of even-aged stands of managed downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in Galicia (NW Spain). The specific components developed are a mortality equation, a basal area growth equation, a diameter distribution prediction system and equations for total and component biomass prediction. Functions to predict decreases in numberof trees per hectare and basal area growth were simultaneously fitted using Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression (NSUR) and a base-age invariant dummy variable method; critical errors of 19 and 16 per cent were obtained, respectively, when projections were made. The Weibull function modelled successfully all but four of the 198 diameter distributions examined, using the parameter recovery method through moments. To predict components and total aboveground biomass, a system of additive equations was simultaneously fitted using the generalized method of moments (GMM), which takes into account heteroscedasticity and inherent correlations among the biomass components. A two-step fitting procedure was used because of the different number of observations for the components considered. The biomass equations explained more than 85 per cent of the observed variability. The Galician birch stands which were surveyed were found to have grown by 3–10 m ha year in volume and by 2–8 Mg ha year in aboveground total biomass, with rotations between 30 and 60 years. The model system now forms an accessible decision support system for forest management and land development in the region.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lauren Fuller; Anne Oxbrough; Tom Gittings; Sandra Irwin; +2 Authors

    In manycountries throughout the world, the area of plantation forests continues to increase and they now dominate many landscapes. In recent decades, forest cover in Ireland has expanded largelydue to commercial afforestation with non-native conifers. This study provides the first within-site assessment of the response of two important arthropod groups to afforestation in agricultural grasslands in Ireland. Five sites were studied 1 year beforeand7yearsafterafforestationusingpitfalltrappingforactiveground-dwellingspidersandMalaisetrapping forhoverflies.Bothspeciesgroupswerestudiedingrasslandhabitat,andspiderswerealsosampledinfieldboundaryhedgerowhabitat.Afforestationwithinthestudysiteshadapositiveeffectonground-dwellingspiderdiversity over the first 7 years; total species richness increased in afforested grassland and hedgerow habitats, and forest specialist species richness increased in afforested grassland habitat. This was concurrent with, and most likely influenced by, the increase in habitat structure created by the forest vegetation, litter and deadwood layers and the increase in canopy cover. There was no effect of afforestation on hoverfly species richness over the first 7 years, possibly due to confounding effects of hoverfly movements across landscapes. Spider and hoverfly species compositions were also positively affected by afforestation. These results indicated that afforestation in our study sites, set within a predominantly agricultural landscape, benefitted arthropod diversity by increasing habitat diversity. Hedgerow habitats were also an important contributor to biodiversity in these newly planted forests. Ecologically oriented planning and management of afforestation must consider the influence of habitat quality in forest plantations, including the protection of biodiversity rich habitats and the quality of the land being afforested, to improve the contribution to biodiversity enhancement and conservation.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: S. O. Olajuyigbe; Brian Tobin; Maarten Nieuwenhuis;
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: David Gil-Moreno; Rubén Manso; Conan O’Ceallaigh; Annette M Harte;

    Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and larch (Larix spp.) are two species that could contribute to diversifying Ireland’s timber supply. However, there is little knowledge about their properties as well as their variation with age. The aim of this study is to investigate the structural properties (modulus of elasticity, strength and density) of Irish-grown Scots pine and larch and the effect of cambial age on timber grading. Structural-sized pieces were used for this purpose, and the timber properties, knots and ring width were measured on 158 and 250 pieces of Scots pine and larch, respectively. Characteristic values of the properties and indicative yields for different strength classes were calculated. The age effect was assessed using an empirical approach, and a novel modelling approach that disaggregates the timber properties at the annual growth ring level. Yields above 90 per cent of C20 were achieved for Scots pine, whereas larch achieved a 100 per cent yield of C24 strength class. The effect of cambial age in the grading properties indicated that older boards increased the characteristic values of a timber population. In Scots pine, the empirical approach showed that the yields increased by up to 26 per cent when using pieces up to 50 years old compared with pieces up to 30 years old. In larch, the use of pieces up to 40 years old increased the yields by up to 16 per cent compared with using pieces up to 30 years old. The results of the modelling approach were consistent with the values obtained in the empirical analysis and can help to make informed decisions regarding rotation lengths for the production of structural timber. Our results found that cambial ages of 40 years in Scots pine produce high yields of structural timber, whereas 30 years are enough for larch. Forest Sector Development Division of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland [WoodProps]; and the Higher Education Authority and the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science [HEA Covid-19 Costed Extension]. peer-reviewed

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lerink, B.J.W.; Schelhaas, M.; Schreiber, R.; Aurenhammer, H.; +18 Authors

    Abstract The demand for wood in Europe is expected to increase in the coming decades. However, any theoretical maximum supply will be affected by sustainability constraints, the motivations of forest owners and regional factors, such as incentives, species and assortments. However, the influence of these factors on supply is changeable. In this study, we quantify what might be realistically available as additional wood supply from currently existing European forests, based on a combination of results of the forest resource model EFISCEN-Space and a literature review of national supply projections. Wood mobilization scenarios for 10 representative Model Regions in Europe that assume forest owners and managers in the simulated regions will adapt their behaviour to alternative behaviour as recorded from other regions were projected with the EFISCEN-Space model. The realistic additional potential based on the literature review is 90 million m3 yr−1. This potential should be attainable within 10–20 years. However, the simulations in the Model Regions found potentials to be lower in 7 out of 10 cases as compared with the country they are located in. On average, the model regions reached less than half of the potential as compared with the literature review. This suggests that the realistic additional potential at the European scale may well be lower if all mobilization barriers are taken into account in more detail, but also highlights the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. We conclude from the analyses that although there are large differences in potential between regions and the analysis method employed, there are no ‘hotspots’ where a large pool of accessible wood can be quickly mobilized using existing infrastructure for nearby industries. An increase in harvest would therefore only be possible with a large effort that spans the whole chain, from forest owners’ behaviour to capacity building, financial incentives and matching resources to harvesting capacity. The additionally available wood can most likely only be mobilized against higher marginal costs and will thus only become available in times of higher stumpage prices. The largest potential lies in privately owned forests which often have a fragmented ownership but will most likely be able to supply more wood, though mostly from deciduous species. In the long term (more than 20 years), additional wood, compared with the amounts we found for short term, can only be made available through investments in afforestation, forest restoration, improved forest management and more efficient use of raw material and recycled material.

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    Research@WUR
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Duffy, Catriona; Tuffen, Melanie G; Fealy, Rowan; Griffin, Christine T;

    Abstract Invertebrate forest pests and pathogens can cause considerable economic losses and modern patterns of trade have facilitated the international movement of pest species on an unprecedented level. This upsurge in trade has increased the pathways available to high risk species, facilitating entry and potential establishment in nations where they were previously absent. To support policy and pest prioritization, pest risk analyses are conducted to decide ‘if’ and ‘how’ pests should be regulated in order to prevent entry or establishment; however, they cannot be carried out for every potential pest. This paper utilizes a hierarchical clustering (HC) approach to analyse distribution data for pests of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in order to identify species of high risk to Ireland, as well as potential source regions of these pests. The presence and absence of almost a 1000 pests across 386 regions globally are clustered based on their similarity of pest assemblages, to provide an objective examination of the highest risk pests to Irish forestry. Regional clusters were produced for each taxon analysed including the Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Nematoda, Lepidoptera and the Fungi. The results produced by the HC analysis were interpreted with regard to biological realism and climate. Biologically meaningful clusters were produced for each of the groups, except for the Diptera and Nematoda, and each of the species analysed were ranked within their group by a quantitative risk index specific to the island of Ireland. The impact of uncertainty in the distribution data is also examined, in order to assess its influence over the final groupings produced. The outputs from this analysis suggest that the highest risk pests for Ireland’s Sitka spruce plantations will originate from within Europe. Ultimately, Ireland could benefit from seeking regulation for some of the higher ranking pests identified in this analysis. This analysis provides the first of its type for Sitka spruce, as well as its application in Ireland. It also serves to highlight the potential utility of HC as a ‘first approach’ to assessing the risk posed by alien species to hitherto novel regions.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Melanie G Tuffen; Helen Grogan;

    Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is the predominant tree species used in Irish forestry, comprising over 50 per cent of the forest estate. The island of Ireland is free of many of the most damaging pests and diseases of spruce present in Europe, and consequently forest stands of Sitka spruce are generally healthy and productive. FORM is a research project with the aim to enhance productivity and pest and disease resistance to key forest species in Ireland. It includes a work package to identify and risk analyse threats to Sitka spruce. A global pest list of spruce was compiled and identified over 1000 pests and potential pests of spruce. Using the pest list as a starting point, this review examines the major pests of Sitka spruce both in its native range in the Pacific Northwest of North America and within Europe where it is grown as an exotic. It also reviews emerging pests and diseases of spruces in general that may threaten Sitka spruce plantations in Ireland. Details of how pest risk analysis of these threats can aid in their continued exclusion are discussed.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Olga M. Grant; Ana Flor Montero Ribeiro; Phillip Glombik; Conor O'Reilly;

    Climate change may reduce the benefits of tree improvement. We investigated the response to limited water availability of seedlings from nine improved full-sibling families of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plus an unimproved seed lot (‘Washington control’). Seedlings were 1-year old at the start of the imposition of two water availability treatments, which were maintained for 2.5 years: full irrigation, in which all water transpired was replaced, and water limitation, in which irrigation was provided to match only 30% of the transpiration of the Washington control under full irrigation. Both family and water availability affected leader extension rate, height, root collar diameter and total dry mass at the end of the following 2 years. Water limitation reduced leaf area and fresh mass per unit stem length and delayed bud flush. Specific leaf area was affected by water limitation earlier but not later in the experiment; the reverse was true of root to shoot ratio and numbers of primordia. Under full irrigation, five improved families maintained superiority over the Washington control in terms of height, root collar diameter and total biomass at the end of the experiment. Under water limitation, however, by the end of the experiment, seedlings from the improved families had no greater total biomass than those of the Washington control, reflecting the homogenizing impact of water limitation on production of leader biomass. Thus, for Sitka spruce, planting the most vigorous material will maximize gains under optimal conditions, but have little benefit in stress conditions.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kevin Black;

    There is an increasing resource assessment and management requirement for single-tree-based stand models due to a shift towards mixed-species and ‘back to nature’ forestry. This paper describes the validation and calibration of the CARBWARE stand simulator, a distance-independent single-tree growth modelling framework specifically modified to include spatially explicit climatic and soil factors. Tree growth functional analysis suggests that stand competition factors contribute to most (21 –33 per cent) of the observed variation in diameter increment, followed by tree size factors (17 –20 per cent). Edaphic and other site factors, particularly soil nutrition and moisture status, explained 4 –11 per cent of the observed site-to-site variation. The developed empirical relationships may provide a deterministic framework for improving developed ecological site classification systems. Independent validation showed that the CARBWARE simulator provides a robust and un-bias estimate of single-tree and standbased variables for both pure and intimate mixed stands. However, refinements to the simulator are still required, particularly improvement to climatic and genetic response factors, mortality functions for mixed-species stands and inclusion of regeneration/recruitment models.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Robert L. Deal; Paul E. Hennon; Richard O'Hanlon; David V. D'Amore;

    There is increasing interest worldwide in managing forests to maintain or improve biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services and assure long-term sustainability of forest resources. An important goal of forest management is to increase stand diversity, provide wildlife habitat and improve forest species diversity. We synthesize results from natural spruce forests in southeast Alaska and suggest strategies for managing Sitka spruce plantations in other parts of the world to benefit biodiversity and enhance a variety of forest ecosystem services. We also discuss the roles of fungi in increasing both biological and structural diversity in Sitka spruce forests. New silvicultural systems that use partial cutting in older spruce forests could alleviate some of the problems associated with conventional even aged management and increase both stand structural diversity and biodiversity. We found that mixed red alder-conifer stands in Alaska provided more heterogeneous structures than the pure conifer stands that typically develop after clearcutting. Well-planned silvicultural systems that include broadleaved species such as alder or birch could provide trees for timber production, improve wildlife habitat and a variety of other ecosystem services that are often compromised in young pure conifer forests.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Esteban Gómez-García; Felipe Crecente-Campo; Brian Tobin; Michael Hawkins; +2 Authors

    This study develops some components to complete a management-oriented dynamic model system for simulating current and future volume and biomass of even-aged stands of managed downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in Galicia (NW Spain). The specific components developed are a mortality equation, a basal area growth equation, a diameter distribution prediction system and equations for total and component biomass prediction. Functions to predict decreases in numberof trees per hectare and basal area growth were simultaneously fitted using Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression (NSUR) and a base-age invariant dummy variable method; critical errors of 19 and 16 per cent were obtained, respectively, when projections were made. The Weibull function modelled successfully all but four of the 198 diameter distributions examined, using the parameter recovery method through moments. To predict components and total aboveground biomass, a system of additive equations was simultaneously fitted using the generalized method of moments (GMM), which takes into account heteroscedasticity and inherent correlations among the biomass components. A two-step fitting procedure was used because of the different number of observations for the components considered. The biomass equations explained more than 85 per cent of the observed variability. The Galician birch stands which were surveyed were found to have grown by 3–10 m ha year in volume and by 2–8 Mg ha year in aboveground total biomass, with rotations between 30 and 60 years. The model system now forms an accessible decision support system for forest management and land development in the region.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lauren Fuller; Anne Oxbrough; Tom Gittings; Sandra Irwin; +2 Authors

    In manycountries throughout the world, the area of plantation forests continues to increase and they now dominate many landscapes. In recent decades, forest cover in Ireland has expanded largelydue to commercial afforestation with non-native conifers. This study provides the first within-site assessment of the response of two important arthropod groups to afforestation in agricultural grasslands in Ireland. Five sites were studied 1 year beforeand7yearsafterafforestationusingpitfalltrappingforactiveground-dwellingspidersandMalaisetrapping forhoverflies.Bothspeciesgroupswerestudiedingrasslandhabitat,andspiderswerealsosampledinfieldboundaryhedgerowhabitat.Afforestationwithinthestudysiteshadapositiveeffectonground-dwellingspiderdiversity over the first 7 years; total species richness increased in afforested grassland and hedgerow habitats, and forest specialist species richness increased in afforested grassland habitat. This was concurrent with, and most likely influenced by, the increase in habitat structure created by the forest vegetation, litter and deadwood layers and the increase in canopy cover. There was no effect of afforestation on hoverfly species richness over the first 7 years, possibly due to confounding effects of hoverfly movements across landscapes. Spider and hoverfly species compositions were also positively affected by afforestation. These results indicated that afforestation in our study sites, set within a predominantly agricultural landscape, benefitted arthropod diversity by increasing habitat diversity. Hedgerow habitats were also an important contributor to biodiversity in these newly planted forests. Ecologically oriented planning and management of afforestation must consider the influence of habitat quality in forest plantations, including the protection of biodiversity rich habitats and the quality of the land being afforested, to improve the contribution to biodiversity enhancement and conservation.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
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    Authors: S. O. Olajuyigbe; Brian Tobin; Maarten Nieuwenhuis;
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
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      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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