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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ruben, Remelgado;

    Data accompanying the submission of a paper titled "Limitations in the Landsat satellite archive bias SDG monitoring". This repository includes: CCM_data.zip - Gridded data used in causal analysis presented in the paper. Figures.zip - Data used to generate figures.

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    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2024
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Gennady Bracho-Mujica; Reimund P. Rötter; Markus Haakana; Taru Palosuo; +14 Authors

    To address the rising global food demand in a changing climate, yield gaps (YG), the difference between potential yields under irrigated (YP) or rainfed conditions (YWL) and actual farmers’ yields (Ya), must be significantly narrowed whilst raising potential yields. Here, we examined the likely impacts of climate change (including changes in climatic variability) and improvements in agricultural technologies on crop yields and yield gaps. Eight rigorously tested crop simulation models were calibrated for wheat and maize and run at 10 different sites around the world. Simulations were performed to estimate YP, YWL and yields achievable under three locally defined technology packages: TP0 represents average farmer's practice, while TP1 and TP2 are increasingly advanced technologies. Simulations were run for the baseline (1981–2010) and twelve future climate scenarios for 2050, representing changes in the means of climate variables and in the variability of daily temperature and dry/wet spell durations. Our basic hypotheses were that (H1) mean climate changes combined with increased weather variability lead to more negative yield impacts than mean climate changes alone, and (H2) advanced technologies would serve as effective adaptations under future climatic conditions. We found that crop responses were dependent on site characteristics, climate scenarios and adopted technologies. Our findings did not support H1. As for H2, the improved technology packages increased wheat and maize yields at all sites, but yield gap reduction varied substantially among sites. Future studies should consider a broader range of climate scenarios and methods for analysing potential shifts in climate variability. Moreover, it is recommended to co-create and evaluate climate zone-specific climate-smart crop production technologies in interaction with a wide range of local stakeholders.

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    Rothamsted Repository; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Rothamsted Repository; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Julian Dutzi; Nikolaos Boukis; Jörg Sauer;
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    KITopen
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: KITopen
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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Biomass and Bioenergy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      KITopen
      Article . 2024
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
      Article . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      Biomass and Bioenergy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kurjak, Daniel; Petrík, Peter; Konôpková, Alena S.; Link, Roman M.; +5 Authors

    Abstract Key message Seven European beech provenances differing largely in growth performance were grown at two common garden sites in Germany and Slovakia. The intra-specific variability of most traits was explained more by phenotypic plasticity than inter-provenance variability, and efficiency-related traits showed a higher phenotypic plasticity than safety-related traits. Context To maintain climate-resilient future forests, replicated common-garden experiments are suited for developing assisted migration strategies for key tree species. Aims We analysed the magnitude of inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity for 12 functional traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and analysed whether the climate at the place of origin left an imprint. Moreover, we asked whether growth is unrelated to xylem safety and to what extent the foliar, xylem and growth-related traits are coordinated. Methods Terminal branches were collected from 19-year-old and 22-year-old trees of seven European beech provenances planted at two common garden sites in Germany and Slovakia, respectively. Three hydraulic, three wood anatomical and four foliar traits were measured and related to two growth-related variables. Results At the two sites, the same pair of provenances showed the highest and lowest growth. Nevertheless, a high degree of phenotypic plasticity was observed, as all traits differed significantly between sites after accounting for provenance effects, with hydraulic safety-related traits showing the lowest and efficiency-related traits the highest plasticity. There was no evidence for inter-provenance variability in xylem embolism resistance (P 50) or the foliar carbon isotope signature (δ13C), a proxy for intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and both were unrelated to growth. P 50 was positively correlated with the lumen-to-sapwood area ratio and vessel density. Conclusions Because of the lacking trade-off between embolism resistance and growth, highly productive provenances can be selected without reducing the drought tolerance of the branch xylem. However, as xylem safety is only one element of a trees’ drought response, it may be beneficial to select provenances with other more conservative drought adaptations such as smaller vessel lumen areas for increasing xylem safety and small supported total leaf areas for reduction of total transpiration.

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    Annals of Forest Science
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Annals of Forest Science
      Article . 2024
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    Authors: Argtim Tika; Naim Bajcinca;

    We present a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for online time-optimal trajectory planning of cooperative robotic manipulators. Robotic arms sharing a common confined operational space are exposed to high interrobot collision risks. For collision avoidance, a smooth robot geometry approximation by Bézier curves is applied, utilizing velocity constraints and tangent separating planes, enabling an efficient generation of robot trajectories in real-time. The proposed optimization algorithm is validated on an experimental setup consisting of two collaborative robotic arms performing synchronous pick-and-place tasks.

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    IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Claire C. Treat; Anna‐Maria Virkkala; Eleanor Burke; Lori Bruhwiler; +28 Authors

    AbstractSignificant progress in permafrost carbon science made over the past decades include the identification of vast permafrost carbon stocks, the development of new pan‐Arctic permafrost maps, an increase in terrestrial measurement sites for CO2 and methane fluxes, and important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Process‐based modeling studies now include key elements of permafrost carbon cycling and advances in statistical modeling and inverse modeling enhance understanding of permafrost region C budgets. By combining existing data syntheses and model outputs, the permafrost region is likely a wetland methane source and small terrestrial ecosystem CO2 sink with lower net CO2 uptake toward higher latitudes, excluding wildfire emissions. For 2002–2014, the strongest CO2 sink was located in western Canada (median: −52 g C m−2 y−1) and smallest sinks in Alaska, Canadian tundra, and Siberian tundra (medians: −5 to −9 g C m−2 y−1). Eurasian regions had the largest median wetland methane fluxes (16–18 g CH4 m−2 y−1). Quantifying the regional scale carbon balance remains challenging because of high spatial and temporal variability and relatively low density of observations. More accurate permafrost region carbon fluxes require: (a) the development of better maps characterizing wetlands and dynamics of vegetation and disturbances, including abrupt permafrost thaw; (b) the establishment of new year‐round CO2 and methane flux sites in underrepresented areas; and (c) improved models that better represent important permafrost carbon cycle dynamics, including non‐growing season emissions and disturbance effects.

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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    https://doi.org/10.13016/m2aza...
    Other literature type . 2024
    License: PDM
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      MPG.PuRe
      Article . 2024
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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      https://doi.org/10.13016/m2aza...
      Other literature type . 2024
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    Authors: Wu, Songjun;

    In einer Zeit, in der menschliche Aktivitäten mit geologischen Kräften konkurrieren und sich das Klima ständig verändert, ist das Verständnis hydrologischer Prozesse essenziell. Die Quantifizierung hydrologischer Prozesse ist jedoch aufgrund der räumlichen Heterogenität der Umweltfaktoren, die die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse beeinflussen, eine Herausforderung. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit eine Reihe gemeinsamer, miteinander verbundener Ansätze oder Technologien entwickelt und in einem Einzugsgebiet mit gemischter Landnutzung, dem Demnitz Millcreek (DMC, 66 km2), getestet. Durch die Anwendung von Datenanalyse, Modelling, Machine-learning und Unmanned-vehicle technologies haben wir nicht nur die hydrologischen Prozesse in diesem repräsentativen Einzugsgebiet entschlüsselt, sondern auch - aus einer breiteren Perspektive - den optimalen Methode zur gemeinsamen Nutzung vorhandener Technologien ermittelt, um Unsicherheiten bei Modellierung dieser Prozesse auf der Ebene des Einzugsgebiets zu verringern. Understanding hydrological processes is essential in an era when human activities rival geologic-scale forces and the climate consistently changes. However, hydrological quantifications are challenging due to the spatial heterogeneity in environmental drivers of the underlying processes. Therefore in this thesis, a series of common linked approaches or technologies were developed and tested in a mixed-landuse catchment, the Demnitzer Millcreek (DMC, 66 km2). By applying data analysis, distributed modelling, machine-learning, and unmanned-vehicle technologies, we not only unraveled the hydrological processes in this representative catchment, but also from a wider perspective - identified the optimal way to jointly use the existing technologies to reduce the uncertainty in monitoring and modelling these processes at the catchment-scale.

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    Authors: Nowack, Wiebke;

    Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit ist die gesellschaftliche Problematisierung des Größenstrukturwandels in der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Zuerst wird anhand einer strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse von Positionspapieren zur Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik herausgearbeitet, dass der Größenstrukturwandel sowohl als Gerechtigkeits- als auch als Multifunktionalitätsproblem gedeutet wird. Die Positionen überlappen im Prinzip der Leistungsgerechtigkeit und in dem Ziel, möglichst viele Betriebe zu erhalten. Viele der präsenten Annahmen über die Vorteile kleiner Betriebe lassen sich wissenschaftlich nicht bestätigen. Hinsichtlich sozialer Funktionen von Landwirtschaft wird eine Forschungslücke identifiziert. Es folgt eine systematische Literaturanalyse, die konzeptuelle Zugänge zu sozialen Funktionen von Landwirtschaft voneinander abgegrenzt und in einem Analyserahmen integriert. Dieser Analyserahmen berücksichtigt landwirtschaftliche Betriebe, die von ihnen ausgeübten Tätigkeiten sowie deren Wirkungen hinsichtlich sozialer Ziele (Funktionen). Aus der Literatur werden zudem elf verschiedene Typen sozialer Funktionen abgeleitet. Daran knüpft eine empirische Fallstudie an, die basierend auf umfangreichen qualitativen Daten soziale Funktionen von Landwirtschaft in Dithmarschen analysiert und Zusammenhänge mit dem regionalen Größenstrukturwandel exploriert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich der mit dem Größenstrukturwandel verbundene, zunehmend industrielle Charakter landwirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten sowie die abnehmende Anzahl von Landwirt/innen in ehrenamtlichen Strukturen negativ auf soziale Funktionen auswirken. Einkommensdiversifizierung gewinnt im Kontext des Größenstrukturwandels an Bedeutung und stärkt soziale Funktionen, wobei kapital- und arbeitsintensiven Tätigkeiten unterschiedlich wirken. Die Dissertation ermöglicht eine sachlichere Debatte zum Größenstrukturwandel und eine differenzierte Auseinandersetzung mit sozialen Funktionen von Landwirtschaft. This dissertations’ starting point is the societal problematisation of the changing farm size structure in Germany. In the first article, a structuring content analysis of position papers on the post-2020 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy shows that the shift towards fewer and larger farms is framed as a problem of both equity and multifunctionality. The respective positions overlap when it comes to the principle of performance equity and the goal of maintaining as many (small) farms as possible. Many of the claims made in the debate about benefits of small farms are not supported by empirical research, and a research gap is identified, particularly regarding social functions of agriculture. The second article presents a systematic literature review. Different conceptual approaches to the social functions of agriculture are distinguished and integrated into an analytical framework. This framework considers farms, the activities they carry out and the functions that can be fulfilled through these activities. In addition, eleven different types of social functions are derived from the literature reviewed. The third article builds up on the second and presents an empirical case study, which analyses the social functions of agriculture in Dithmarschen and explores how these relate to regional structural change on the basis of an extensive qualitative data set. The results indicate that both, the increasingly industrial character of agricultural activities associated with the change in farm size structure and the decreasing number of farmers in voluntary structures have a negative impact on social functions. Income diversification becomes more important in the context of farm exits and strengthens social functions, although the effects of capital-intensive and labour-intensive activities differ. Overall, this dissertation facilitates a more objective debate on structural change and a differentiated analysis of the social functions of agriculture.

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    Authors: Wendt, Niels Robert;

    In an increasingly globalised world, Thailand has emerged as an upper-middle-income country, following decades of rapid growth. Once an agrarian nation, Thailand nowadays exhibits a diverse economy with the manufacturing and service sector offering opportunities outside of agriculture. This impressive development has not spread homogenously however, leaving large parts of the country, especially in the rural northeast in the gridlock of a transforming economy, subsistence agriculture, poverty, and an increase in natural disasters. Adjusting to these new challenges has created a plethora of livelihoods whose complexity escapes traditional measures of poverty, necessitating an analysis using more holistic approaches, such as the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Using a large-scale panel dataset spanning over more than a decade, key factors pertaining to rural livelihoods in Thailand such as income, consumption, shocks, and the measurement thereof are analysed in four articles. Following an introduction, the first article of this dissertation explores the income strategies of rural households in Thailand, the determinants of their adoption as well as their success. The results show that agriculture is still retained, even though households increasingly engage in non-farm income strategies. In addition, diversified livelihoods are shown to be the most successful in terms of income, offering the most efficient allocation of resources within a household. Further, the role of migration to exploit opportunities and a lack thereof in rural areas becomes evident. Finally, vulnerability to shocks is particularly notable with households in agriculture, as they experience an increasing frequency of natural disasters. The second article highlights the relevance of good quality data by presenting methodological approaches to identify and eliminate issues in employment data and their collection as well as showcases the impacts of inconsistent data. Article three examines the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and reveals severe impacts after the first major lockdown, with some lasting until the present day. Further, the vulnerability of non-farm income sources to economic shocks is highlighted. Looking at the households from the perspective of consumption using cluster analysis, article four reveals distinct typologies that are in line with the overall livelihood strategies and the findings of the first article. Shocks, especially natural disasters, are shown to initiate changes in the livelihood strategies, either by diversification or by reducing the dependence on agriculture. In a conclusive chapter, key results are summarised and policy recommendations as well as an outlook for future research is presented. Durch eine zunehmend globalisierte Welt und nach Jahrzenten schnellen Wachstums, hat sich Thailand zu einem Land im Bereich des oberen-mittleren Einkommen entwickelt. Vormals eine primär landwirtschaftliche Nation, hat Thailand heutzutage eine divers aufgestellte Wirtschaft und der sekundäre und tertiäre Sektor bieten vielfältige Möglichkeiten. Diese Entwicklung betrifft nicht alle Provinzen gleichmäßig. Große Teile des Landes, speziell im Nordosten, sehen sich mit den Herausforderungen einer transformierenden Wirtschaft, Armut, Subsistenz-Landwirtschaft und Starkwetterereignissen konfrontiert. Die Komplexität, der sich dieser neuen Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen anpassenden Lebensweisen, ist mit traditionellen Maßen für Armut nur unzureichend umschrieben. Ihre wissenschaftliche Analyse sollte somit auf umfassendere Ansätze, wie zum Beispiel das „Sustainable Livelihoods Framework“ zurückgreifen. Mittels eines Langzeit-Panel-Datensatzes, werden in dieser Dissertation Schlüsselfaktoren der Existenzgrundlagen im ländlichen Thailand wie Einkommen, Konsum, Schocks und deren Erhebung analysiert. Nach einer Einleitung erkundet diese Dissertation im ersten Artikel die Einkommensstrategien der ländlichen Haushalte in Thailand, sowie deren Determinanten und Erfolg. Trotzdem Haushalte zunehmend außerhalb der Landwirtschaft tätig sind, bleibt diese nach wie vor relevant. Diversifizierte Einkommensstrategien sind, gemessen am Einkommen, am erfolgreichsten, da sie die effizienteste Allokation von Ressourcen erlauben. Zusätzlich wird die Bedeutung von Migration deutlich. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass landwirtschaftliche Haushalte vulnerabel gegenüber zunehmenden Extremwetterereignissen sind. Im zweiten Artikel wird die Wichtigkeit qualitativ hochwertiger Daten herausgearbeitet und Ansätze zur Identifizierung von inkonsistenten Beschäftigungsdaten werden vorgestellt. Der dritte Artikel untersucht die Auswirkungen der Covid-19 Pandemie und zeigt tiefgreifende Effekte in der Zeit nach dem ersten großen Lockdown, die teilweise bis heute andauern. Darüber hinaus wird die Vulnerabilität von Einkommensstrategien außerhalb der Landwirtschaft gegenüber ökonomischen Schocks aufgezeigt. Artikel vier betrachtet den Konsum der Haushalte und identifiziert Typologien, die analog zur Lebensweise des Haushaltes und den Ergebnissen des ersten Artikels sind. Schocks, speziell Extremwetterereignisse sind dabei ein Initiator für den Wechsel der Existenzstrategie. In einem finalen Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und Empfehlungen für die Politik sowie zukünftige Forschung ausgesprochen.

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    https://doi.org/10.15488/16298...
    Doctoral thesis . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://doi.org/10.15488/16298...
      Doctoral thesis . 2024
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    Authors: Johannes Karthäuser; Vladimirs Biziks; Daniel Roggatz; Holger Militz;

    AbstractPhenol-formaldehyde resins can be used for wood modification through an impregnation process and subsequent curing within the wood cell wall. Phenol is gained from non-renewable resources, and its substitution by renewable chemicals has been a research goal. A promising example for renewable phenol substituents are lignin-derived organic chemicals. Phenol-formaldehyde resins with such substitutions have been studied, however, knowledge of their application for wood modification is deficient. While there are attempts to modify pine and beech wood with this method, studies on other wood species are scarce. Considering the increasing use of different wood species in wood industry, determining the influence of the wood species on the modification quality is an important research goal. Therefore, in this study, vacuum-pressure impregnation of five wood species – Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Silver birch (Betula pendula), and European aspen sapwood (Populus tremula) – with phenol-formaldehyde resins is described. Here, up to 45% of the phenol in the synthetic resin is substituted by vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products from commercial softwood kraft lignin. The solution uptake, weight% gain, leaching, and anti-swelling efficiency of the modified wood are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that up to 30% of the phenol can be substituted without significant decreases in the performance of the modification. The method gives comparable results for most of the wood species described herein, with exception of beech wood, for which the modification had a lower quality. The results could help to develop more environmentally friendly wood modification methods for several common European wood species.

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    European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ruben, Remelgado;

    Data accompanying the submission of a paper titled "Limitations in the Landsat satellite archive bias SDG monitoring". This repository includes: CCM_data.zip - Gridded data used in causal analysis presented in the paper. Figures.zip - Data used to generate figures.

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    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2024
    License: CC BY
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      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2024
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    Authors: Gennady Bracho-Mujica; Reimund P. Rötter; Markus Haakana; Taru Palosuo; +14 Authors

    To address the rising global food demand in a changing climate, yield gaps (YG), the difference between potential yields under irrigated (YP) or rainfed conditions (YWL) and actual farmers’ yields (Ya), must be significantly narrowed whilst raising potential yields. Here, we examined the likely impacts of climate change (including changes in climatic variability) and improvements in agricultural technologies on crop yields and yield gaps. Eight rigorously tested crop simulation models were calibrated for wheat and maize and run at 10 different sites around the world. Simulations were performed to estimate YP, YWL and yields achievable under three locally defined technology packages: TP0 represents average farmer's practice, while TP1 and TP2 are increasingly advanced technologies. Simulations were run for the baseline (1981–2010) and twelve future climate scenarios for 2050, representing changes in the means of climate variables and in the variability of daily temperature and dry/wet spell durations. Our basic hypotheses were that (H1) mean climate changes combined with increased weather variability lead to more negative yield impacts than mean climate changes alone, and (H2) advanced technologies would serve as effective adaptations under future climatic conditions. We found that crop responses were dependent on site characteristics, climate scenarios and adopted technologies. Our findings did not support H1. As for H2, the improved technology packages increased wheat and maize yields at all sites, but yield gap reduction varied substantially among sites. Future studies should consider a broader range of climate scenarios and methods for analysing potential shifts in climate variability. Moreover, it is recommended to co-create and evaluate climate zone-specific climate-smart crop production technologies in interaction with a wide range of local stakeholders.

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    Rothamsted Repository; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Rothamsted Repository; Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Julian Dutzi; Nikolaos Boukis; Jörg Sauer;
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    KITopen
    Article . 2024
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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2024
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    Biomass and Bioenergy
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      KITopen
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
      Article . 2024
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      Biomass and Bioenergy
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Kurjak, Daniel; Petrík, Peter; Konôpková, Alena S.; Link, Roman M.; +5 Authors

    Abstract Key message Seven European beech provenances differing largely in growth performance were grown at two common garden sites in Germany and Slovakia. The intra-specific variability of most traits was explained more by phenotypic plasticity than inter-provenance variability, and efficiency-related traits showed a higher phenotypic plasticity than safety-related traits. Context To maintain climate-resilient future forests, replicated common-garden experiments are suited for developing assisted migration strategies for key tree species. Aims We analysed the magnitude of inter-provenance variability and phenotypic plasticity for 12 functional traits of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and analysed whether the climate at the place of origin left an imprint. Moreover, we asked whether growth is unrelated to xylem safety and to what extent the foliar, xylem and growth-related traits are coordinated. Methods Terminal branches were collected from 19-year-old and 22-year-old trees of seven European beech provenances planted at two common garden sites in Germany and Slovakia, respectively. Three hydraulic, three wood anatomical and four foliar traits were measured and related to two growth-related variables. Results At the two sites, the same pair of provenances showed the highest and lowest growth. Nevertheless, a high degree of phenotypic plasticity was observed, as all traits differed significantly between sites after accounting for provenance effects, with hydraulic safety-related traits showing the lowest and efficiency-related traits the highest plasticity. There was no evidence for inter-provenance variability in xylem embolism resistance (P 50) or the foliar carbon isotope signature (δ13C), a proxy for intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), and both were unrelated to growth. P 50 was positively correlated with the lumen-to-sapwood area ratio and vessel density. Conclusions Because of the lacking trade-off between embolism resistance and growth, highly productive provenances can be selected without reducing the drought tolerance of the branch xylem. However, as xylem safety is only one element of a trees’ drought response, it may be beneficial to select provenances with other more conservative drought adaptations such as smaller vessel lumen areas for increasing xylem safety and small supported total leaf areas for reduction of total transpiration.

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    Annals of Forest Science
    Article . 2024
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      Annals of Forest Science
      Article . 2024
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    Authors: Argtim Tika; Naim Bajcinca;

    We present a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for online time-optimal trajectory planning of cooperative robotic manipulators. Robotic arms sharing a common confined operational space are exposed to high interrobot collision risks. For collision avoidance, a smooth robot geometry approximation by Bézier curves is applied, utilizing velocity constraints and tangent separating planes, enabling an efficient generation of robot trajectories in real-time. The proposed optimization algorithm is validated on an experimental setup consisting of two collaborative robotic arms performing synchronous pick-and-place tasks.

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    IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology
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    Authors: Claire C. Treat; Anna‐Maria Virkkala; Eleanor Burke; Lori Bruhwiler; +28 Authors

    AbstractSignificant progress in permafrost carbon science made over the past decades include the identification of vast permafrost carbon stocks, the development of new pan‐Arctic permafrost maps, an increase in terrestrial measurement sites for CO2 and methane fluxes, and important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Process‐based modeling studies now include key elements of permafrost carbon cycling and advances in statistical modeling and inverse modeling enhance understanding of permafrost region C budgets. By combining existing data syntheses and model outputs, the permafrost region is likely a wetland methane source and small terrestrial ecosystem CO2 sink with lower net CO2 uptake toward higher latitudes, excluding wildfire emissions. For 2002–2014, the strongest CO2 sink was located in western Canada (median: −52 g C m−2 y−1) and smallest sinks in Alaska, Canadian tundra, and Siberian tundra (medians: −5 to −9 g C m−2 y−1). Eurasian regions had the largest median wetland methane fluxes (16–18 g CH4 m−2 y−1). Quantifying the regional scale carbon balance remains challenging because of high spatial and temporal variability and relatively low density of observations. More accurate permafrost region carbon fluxes require: (a) the development of better maps characterizing wetlands and dynamics of vegetation and disturbances, including abrupt permafrost thaw; (b) the establishment of new year‐round CO2 and methane flux sites in underrepresented areas; and (c) improved models that better represent important permafrost carbon cycle dynamics, including non‐growing season emissions and disturbance effects.

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2024
    Data sources: MPG.PuRe
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.13016/m2aza...
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      MPG.PuRe
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
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      https://doi.org/10.13016/m2aza...
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    Authors: Wu, Songjun;

    In einer Zeit, in der menschliche Aktivitäten mit geologischen Kräften konkurrieren und sich das Klima ständig verändert, ist das Verständnis hydrologischer Prozesse essenziell. Die Quantifizierung hydrologischer Prozesse ist jedoch aufgrund der räumlichen Heterogenität der Umweltfaktoren, die die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse beeinflussen, eine Herausforderung. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit eine Reihe gemeinsamer, miteinander verbundener Ansätze oder Technologien entwickelt und in einem Einzugsgebiet mit gemischter Landnutzung, dem Demnitz Millcreek (DMC, 66 km2), getestet. Durch die Anwendung von Datenanalyse, Modelling, Machine-learning und Unmanned-vehicle technologies haben wir nicht nur die hydrologischen Prozesse in diesem repräsentativen Einzugsgebiet entschlüsselt, sondern auch - aus einer breiteren Perspektive - den optimalen Methode zur gemeinsamen Nutzung vorhandener Technologien ermittelt, um Unsicherheiten bei Modellierung dieser Prozesse auf der Ebene des Einzugsgebiets zu verringern. Understanding hydrological processes is essential in an era when human activities rival geologic-scale forces and the climate consistently changes. However, hydrological quantifications are challenging due to the spatial heterogeneity in environmental drivers of the underlying processes. Therefore in this thesis, a series of common linked approaches or technologies were developed and tested in a mixed-landuse catchment, the Demnitzer Millcreek (DMC, 66 km2). By applying data analysis, distributed modelling, machine-learning, and unmanned-vehicle technologies, we not only unraveled the hydrological processes in this representative catchment, but also from a wider perspective - identified the optimal way to jointly use the existing technologies to reduce the uncertainty in monitoring and modelling these processes at the catchment-scale.

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    Authors: Nowack, Wiebke;

    Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit ist die gesellschaftliche Problematisierung des Größenstrukturwandels in der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Zuerst wird anhand einer strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse von Positionspapieren zur Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik herausgearbeitet, dass der Größenstrukturwandel sowohl als Gerechtigkeits- als auch als Multifunktionalitätsproblem gedeutet wird. Die Positionen überlappen im Prinzip der Leistungsgerechtigkeit und in dem Ziel, möglichst viele Betriebe zu erhalten. Viele der präsenten Annahmen über die Vorteile kleiner Betriebe lassen sich wissenschaftlich nicht bestätigen. Hinsichtlich sozialer Funktionen von Landwirtschaft wird eine Forschungslücke identifiziert. Es folgt eine systematische Literaturanalyse, die konzeptuelle Zugänge zu sozialen Funktionen von Landwirtschaft voneinander abgegrenzt und in einem Analyserahmen integriert. Dieser Analyserahmen berücksichtigt landwirtschaftliche Betriebe, die von ihnen ausgeübten Tätigkeiten sowie deren Wirkungen hinsichtlich sozialer Ziele (Funktionen). Aus der Literatur werden zudem elf verschiedene Typen sozialer Funktionen abgeleitet. Daran knüpft eine empirische Fallstudie an, die basierend auf umfangreichen qualitativen Daten soziale Funktionen von Landwirtschaft in Dithmarschen analysiert und Zusammenhänge mit dem regionalen Größenstrukturwandel exploriert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich der mit dem Größenstrukturwandel verbundene, zunehmend industrielle Charakter landwirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten sowie die abnehmende Anzahl von Landwirt/innen in ehrenamtlichen Strukturen negativ auf soziale Funktionen auswirken. Einkommensdiversifizierung gewinnt im Kontext des Größenstrukturwandels an Bedeutung und stärkt soziale Funktionen, wobei kapital- und arbeitsintensiven Tätigkeiten unterschiedlich wirken. Die Dissertation ermöglicht eine sachlichere Debatte zum Größenstrukturwandel und eine differenzierte Auseinandersetzung mit sozialen Funktionen von Landwirtschaft. This dissertations’ starting point is the societal problematisation of the changing farm size structure in Germany. In the first article, a structuring content analysis of position papers on the post-2020 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy shows that the shift towards fewer and larger farms is framed as a problem of both equity and multifunctionality. The respective positions overlap when it comes to the principle of performance equity and the goal of maintaining as many (small) farms as possible. Many of the claims made in the debate about benefits of small farms are not supported by empirical research, and a research gap is identified, particularly regarding social functions of agriculture. The second article presents a systematic literature review. Different conceptual approaches to the social functions of agriculture are distinguished and integrated into an analytical framework. This framework considers farms, the activities they carry out and the functions that can be fulfilled through these activities. In addition, eleven different types of social functions are derived from the literature reviewed. The third article builds up on the second and presents an empirical case study, which analyses the social functions of agriculture in Dithmarschen and explores how these relate to regional structural change on the basis of an extensive qualitative data set. The results indicate that both, the increasingly industrial character of agricultural activities associated with the change in farm size structure and the decreasing number of farmers in voluntary structures have a negative impact on social functions. Income diversification becomes more important in the context of farm exits and strengthens social functions, although the effects of capital-intensive and labour-intensive activities differ. Overall, this dissertation facilitates a more objective debate on structural change and a differentiated analysis of the social functions of agriculture.

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    Authors: Wendt, Niels Robert;

    In an increasingly globalised world, Thailand has emerged as an upper-middle-income country, following decades of rapid growth. Once an agrarian nation, Thailand nowadays exhibits a diverse economy with the manufacturing and service sector offering opportunities outside of agriculture. This impressive development has not spread homogenously however, leaving large parts of the country, especially in the rural northeast in the gridlock of a transforming economy, subsistence agriculture, poverty, and an increase in natural disasters. Adjusting to these new challenges has created a plethora of livelihoods whose complexity escapes traditional measures of poverty, necessitating an analysis using more holistic approaches, such as the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Using a large-scale panel dataset spanning over more than a decade, key factors pertaining to rural livelihoods in Thailand such as income, consumption, shocks, and the measurement thereof are analysed in four articles. Following an introduction, the first article of this dissertation explores the income strategies of rural households in Thailand, the determinants of their adoption as well as their success. The results show that agriculture is still retained, even though households increasingly engage in non-farm income strategies. In addition, diversified livelihoods are shown to be the most successful in terms of income, offering the most efficient allocation of resources within a household. Further, the role of migration to exploit opportunities and a lack thereof in rural areas becomes evident. Finally, vulnerability to shocks is particularly notable with households in agriculture, as they experience an increasing frequency of natural disasters. The second article highlights the relevance of good quality data by presenting methodological approaches to identify and eliminate issues in employment data and their collection as well as showcases the impacts of inconsistent data. Article three examines the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic and reveals severe impacts after the first major lockdown, with some lasting until the present day. Further, the vulnerability of non-farm income sources to economic shocks is highlighted. Looking at the households from the perspective of consumption using cluster analysis, article four reveals distinct typologies that are in line with the overall livelihood strategies and the findings of the first article. Shocks, especially natural disasters, are shown to initiate changes in the livelihood strategies, either by diversification or by reducing the dependence on agriculture. In a conclusive chapter, key results are summarised and policy recommendations as well as an outlook for future research is presented. Durch eine zunehmend globalisierte Welt und nach Jahrzenten schnellen Wachstums, hat sich Thailand zu einem Land im Bereich des oberen-mittleren Einkommen entwickelt. Vormals eine primär landwirtschaftliche Nation, hat Thailand heutzutage eine divers aufgestellte Wirtschaft und der sekundäre und tertiäre Sektor bieten vielfältige Möglichkeiten. Diese Entwicklung betrifft nicht alle Provinzen gleichmäßig. Große Teile des Landes, speziell im Nordosten, sehen sich mit den Herausforderungen einer transformierenden Wirtschaft, Armut, Subsistenz-Landwirtschaft und Starkwetterereignissen konfrontiert. Die Komplexität, der sich dieser neuen Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen anpassenden Lebensweisen, ist mit traditionellen Maßen für Armut nur unzureichend umschrieben. Ihre wissenschaftliche Analyse sollte somit auf umfassendere Ansätze, wie zum Beispiel das „Sustainable Livelihoods Framework“ zurückgreifen. Mittels eines Langzeit-Panel-Datensatzes, werden in dieser Dissertation Schlüsselfaktoren der Existenzgrundlagen im ländlichen Thailand wie Einkommen, Konsum, Schocks und deren Erhebung analysiert. Nach einer Einleitung erkundet diese Dissertation im ersten Artikel die Einkommensstrategien der ländlichen Haushalte in Thailand, sowie deren Determinanten und Erfolg. Trotzdem Haushalte zunehmend außerhalb der Landwirtschaft tätig sind, bleibt diese nach wie vor relevant. Diversifizierte Einkommensstrategien sind, gemessen am Einkommen, am erfolgreichsten, da sie die effizienteste Allokation von Ressourcen erlauben. Zusätzlich wird die Bedeutung von Migration deutlich. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass landwirtschaftliche Haushalte vulnerabel gegenüber zunehmenden Extremwetterereignissen sind. Im zweiten Artikel wird die Wichtigkeit qualitativ hochwertiger Daten herausgearbeitet und Ansätze zur Identifizierung von inkonsistenten Beschäftigungsdaten werden vorgestellt. Der dritte Artikel untersucht die Auswirkungen der Covid-19 Pandemie und zeigt tiefgreifende Effekte in der Zeit nach dem ersten großen Lockdown, die teilweise bis heute andauern. Darüber hinaus wird die Vulnerabilität von Einkommensstrategien außerhalb der Landwirtschaft gegenüber ökonomischen Schocks aufgezeigt. Artikel vier betrachtet den Konsum der Haushalte und identifiziert Typologien, die analog zur Lebensweise des Haushaltes und den Ergebnissen des ersten Artikels sind. Schocks, speziell Extremwetterereignisse sind dabei ein Initiator für den Wechsel der Existenzstrategie. In einem finalen Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und Empfehlungen für die Politik sowie zukünftige Forschung ausgesprochen.

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    https://doi.org/10.15488/16298...
    Doctoral thesis . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Institutionelles Rep...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.15488/16298...
      Doctoral thesis . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Johannes Karthäuser; Vladimirs Biziks; Daniel Roggatz; Holger Militz;

    AbstractPhenol-formaldehyde resins can be used for wood modification through an impregnation process and subsequent curing within the wood cell wall. Phenol is gained from non-renewable resources, and its substitution by renewable chemicals has been a research goal. A promising example for renewable phenol substituents are lignin-derived organic chemicals. Phenol-formaldehyde resins with such substitutions have been studied, however, knowledge of their application for wood modification is deficient. While there are attempts to modify pine and beech wood with this method, studies on other wood species are scarce. Considering the increasing use of different wood species in wood industry, determining the influence of the wood species on the modification quality is an important research goal. Therefore, in this study, vacuum-pressure impregnation of five wood species – Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Silver birch (Betula pendula), and European aspen sapwood (Populus tremula) – with phenol-formaldehyde resins is described. Here, up to 45% of the phenol in the synthetic resin is substituted by vacuum low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis cleavage products from commercial softwood kraft lignin. The solution uptake, weight% gain, leaching, and anti-swelling efficiency of the modified wood are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that up to 30% of the phenol can be substituted without significant decreases in the performance of the modification. The method gives comparable results for most of the wood species described herein, with exception of beech wood, for which the modification had a lower quality. The results could help to develop more environmentally friendly wood modification methods for several common European wood species.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ European Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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    European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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