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Abstract Background Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare type of pediatric ocular cancer with difficulty in treatment and detection owing to alterations in tumor suppressor genes and the lack of focused, efficient, and cost-effective treatments. Main body of the abstract The current review presents different approaches adopted for the treatment of RB. Recently, nanodrug delivery-based systems have shown significant reported advancements in RB treatment owing to their effectiveness in delivering their cargo to the site of tumor growth, where they may induce programmed tumor cell death. Among various nanoparticulate systems employed in RB treatment are organic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic (metallic) nanocarriers (cerium oxide, iron oxide, gold and silver), and surface-tailored multifunctionalized nanocarriers. Short conclusion The current review article aims at demonstrating the superiority of nanotechnology-based formulations to traditional therapies for treatment of RB in order to enhance the bioavailability and targeting of drugs to posterior eye segment specifically, thus improving patient compliance and adherence to treatment by minimizing the number of dosing intervals and hence the likelihood of side effects.

ABSTRACT: Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of America, and is an important pest of Fabaceae, such as: soybean, peanut, common bean, cowpea, pea, chickpea and kudzu. In soybean, the velvet bean caterpillar is important due to the plant defoliation in their larval stage. This study evaluated soybean cultivars as source of resistance to A. gemmatalis by antixenosis (attractiveness and non-preference for feeding) and antibiosis (biological parameters of the insect). The parameters evaluated were: antixenosis: attractiveness and non-preference, dry mass consumed and attractiveness index and antibiosis: duration of larval and pupal stages, adult longevity, total cycle, larval and pupal weights and larval, pupal and total viability. Considering antixenosis and antibiosis the least suitable cultivars for A. gemmatalis were found to be BRS 8383 IPRO, BRS 1074 IPRO, BRS 1061 IPRO, BRS 7180 IPRO, BRS 9383 IPRO, BRS 8980 IPRO and BRS 1003 IPRO due to high mortality in the larval phase. The cultivars BRS 523 and BRS 543 RR “block technology” suggest displays antixenosis and or antibiosis to A. gemmatalis. These cultivars can be used by soybean producers in combination with other control tactics in soybean IPM.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the agronomic performance through mixed models, and determined the genetic divergence between black oat genotypes. The experiment was carried out at Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen/RS. Fourteen black oat genotypes were evaluated, being 11 lines developed by Breeding Program of University, and three commercial cultivars (IAPAR 61, UPFA 21 - Moreninha and, IPR Cabocla). We evaluated quantitative traits associated to plant height, cycle, dry mass yield and seeds yield; and 19 qualitative traits, being these morphological descriptors. The results showed that lines UFSMFW 2-05 and UFSMFW 2-07 stand out with characteristics such as early cycle, higher dry mass and grain yield. Divergence analysis revealed the formation of three distinct groups, indicating the presence of variability. These results suggested the potential for the development of new cultivars of black oat, presenting early cycle and good grain yield.

Resumo Este trabalho estudou o comportamento da pobreza multidimensional e de renda, bem como seus determinantes no Brasil, evidenciando as diferenças entre as áreas rurais e urbanas com base nas informações das Pesquisas Nacionais por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNADC) de 2019. Foi utilizada a metodologia Alkire-Foster na construção de um Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM), além do modelo logit para estimar os impactos na pobreza de determinantes relacionados a características domiciliares. A dimensão saúde e saneamento foi a que mais contribuiu com o IPM, seguida da dimensão educação e condições habitacionais. A pobreza unidimensional foi maior do que a multidimensional, além disso, a pobreza nas áreas rurais foi também maior. Entre os determinantes da pobreza, estar em domicílios com chefes não brancos, mais jovens, não casados, desempregados, menos escolarizados e ser das regiões Norte e Nordeste aumentaram as chances de pobreza. Além disso, domicílios com chefes mulheres tiveram menores chances de pobreza multidimensional, embora mais chances de pobreza unidimensional.

Abstract The objective of the study was to measure the impacts of Pronaf access on family farming (FF) performance measures with analysis for the FF and its typologies Pronaf B and Pronaf V of the 2017 Agricultural Census. Variables related to family farmers, their establishments and climate were used. The methodology was composed of Entropy Balancing for treatment analysis and Minimal Weighted Squares to measure the impacts. The use of different levels of intensity confirmed the presence of regional concentrations in access in all analyzes. The results of the impacts on FF showed to be related to the Pronaf V typology, confirming the need to analyze the disaggregated FF. The impacts on the Pronaf B typology were negative, suggesting that these farmers are potentially using the obtained credit inappropriately and/or inefficiently. This reaffirms the need to integrate Pronaf with other policies, such as technical assistance and rural extension.

ABSTRACT: Fertigation is widely used in seedling production for different crops, including passion fruit. There is no consensus on the ideal nutrient solution, and as such, nurseries have used fertigation empirically. This study assessed the electrical conductivity of nutrient solution containing macro and micronutrients in passion fruit seedling production and compared it with commercially used fertigation. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and six repetitions. Four electrical conductivities (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 dS m-1) of a complete nutrient solution and an additional treatment (commercial nutrient solution) were analyzed. Daily fertigation with a complete nutrient solution (macro and micronutrients) at electrical conductivities between 2.6 and 3.3 dS m-1 followed by two daily irrigations are efficient at producing FB 300 “Araguari” passion fruit seedlings in coconut fiber substrate, with benefits such as greater biomass and better Dickson quality index when compared to commercial nutrient solution. RESUMO: A fertirrigação é amplamente utilizada na produção de mudas de várias culturas, inclusive o maracujazeiro. Não existe consenso sobre qual solução nutritiva deve ser adotada na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro, mas por causa disso, viveiristas têm usado a fertirrigação empiricamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar condutividades elétricas de solução nutritiva com macros e micronutrientes na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro e compará-las com uma fertirrigação adotada comercialmente. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram estudadas quatro condutividades elétricas (0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 dS m-1) de solução nutritiva completa e um tratamento adicional (solução nutritiva adotada comercialmente). Em substrato à base de fibra de coco, fertirrigações diárias com solução nutritiva completa (macro e micronutrientes), com condutividades elétricas entre 2,6 a 3,3 dS m-1, seguidas de duas irrigações diárias são eficientes na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro FB 300 “Araguari”, inclusive com vantagens, como maior biomassa e índice de qualidade de Dickson em relação à solução nutritiva comercial.

Resumo Este estudo avalia o impacto da assistência técnica e extensão rural prestadas pelo Projeto Dom Hélder Câmara (PDHC II) no semiárido brasileiro, que teve como objetivos a redução dos níveis de pobreza e das desigualdades na região, qualificando os agricultores familiares para desenvolverem uma produção sustentável e estimulando a replicação de boas práticas agropecuárias. Utilizando o método “propensity score matching” foram analisados 16 diferentes indicadores das famílias atendidas e do grupo de controle, envolvendo rendas monetárias e não monetárias. Os resultados apontam que o programa logrou êxito em beneficiar famílias pobres ou extremamente pobres dessa região, levando assistência técnica e extensão rural e, para uma fração deles, o acesso ao Programa Fomento Rural. Além disso, o PDHC II atingiu seus objetivos de propiciar um incremento na produção agrícola e nos rendimentos dos beneficiários, com um impacto ainda mais proeminente entre aqueles que receberam os recursos de fomento produtivo. Pode-se concluir que a assistência técnica e extensão rural foram eficazes, beneficiando agricultores familiares pobres do semiárido brasileiro, tendo maior impacto quando associada aos recursos de fomento produtivo. Abstract This study evaluates the impact of technical assistance and rural extension provided by the Dom Hélder Câmara Project (PDHC II) in the Brazilian semiarid region, which aimed to reduce the poverty levels and inequalities in the region, qualifying family farmers to develop sustainable production and encouraging the replication of good agricultural practices. Using the propensity score matching method, 16 different indicators of the assisted families and the control group were analyzed, involving monetary and nonmonetary incomes. The results indicate that the program was successful in benefiting poor or extremely poor families in this region, providing technical assistance and rural extension and, for a fraction of them, access to the Rural Funding Program. In addition, PDHC II achieved its objectives of providing an increase in agricultural production and in the income of the beneficiaries, with an even more prominent impact among those who received remittances from funding program. It can be concluded that technical assistance and rural extension were effective, benefiting poor family farmers in the Brazilian semiarid region and having a larger impact when associated with productive funding resources.

Abstract Indices are used to help on decision-making. This study aims to develop and test an index, which can determine the loss (e.g., herbivorous insects) and solution (e.g., natural enemies) sources. They will be classified according to their importance regarding the ability to damage or to reduce the source of damage to the system when the final production is unknown. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs, and it is adequate to evaluate a new index. The formula was: Percentage of the Importance Indice-Production Unknown (% I.I.-PU) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. The loss sources Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Tettigoniidae, and solution sources Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) showed the highest % I.I.-PU on leaves of A. auriculiformis saplings. The number of Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was reduced per number of Salticidae; that of A. reticulatum that of Uspachus sp.; and that of Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) that of P. termitarius on A. auriculiformis saplings. However, the number of Aleyrodidae was increased per number of Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and that of A. reticulatum that of Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on A. auriculiformis saplings. The A. reticulatum damage was reduced per number of Uspachus sp., but the Aleyrodidae damage was increased per number of Cephalotes sp., totaling 23.81% of increase by insect damages on A. auriculiformis saplings. Here I show and test the % I.I.-PU. It is an new index that can detect the loss or solution sources on a system when production is unknown. It can be applied in some knowledge areas.