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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plungė, Svajūnas;

    This study aims to evaluate how climate change affects agricultural diffuse water pollution, the effectiveness of pollution abatement measures, and water management programs in Lithuania. The work assesses changes in water and nutrient balances across the country, examines shifts in the effectiveness of pollution control measures, and estimates the necessary scale and design of water management programs to achieve water protection goals given the warming climate. Conducted in collaboration with the Lithuanian Environmental Protection Agency, the research addresses practical water management issues and aligns with national environmental targets. The study integrates climate impact assessment, hydrological modeling, modeling the best management practices, optimization with genetic algorithms, and the evaluation of achievement of water environmental goals. Additionally, a new tool was developed and provided for SWAT+ model setup verification to enhance confidence in modeling results, which is crucial for informing water management decisions. The findings, disseminated across four publications, offer comprehensive insights into the intersection between climate change, water and environmental management related aspects in Lithuania. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra įvertinti klimato šiltėjimo įtaką žemės ūkio pasklidajai vandens taršai, taršos mažinimo priemonių efektyvumui ir vandens taršos mažinimo programų veiksmingumui Lietuvoje. Tyrimo metu buvo vertinami vandens ir maistingųjų medžiagų balanso pokyčiai visoje šalyje, analizuotas poveikis taršos mažinimo priemonių efektyvumui, taip pat įvertintas reikalingas vandens valdymo programų mastas ir dizainas, skirtas pasiekti vandens apsaugos tikslus kintančioje klimato aplinkoje. Tyrimas buvo atliktas bendradarbiaujant su Aplinkos apsaugos agentūra, todėl jame nagrinėjami praktiniai vandens valdymo klausimai susiję su nacionaliniais vandensaugos tikslais. Darbe integruojamas klimato poveikio vertinimas, hidrologinis modeliavimas, pasklidosios vandens taršos mažinimo priemonių modeliavimas, optimizavimas genetiniais algoritmais ir vandensaugos tikslų įgyvendinimo vertinimas. Be to, buvo sukurtas ir pristatytas naujas įrankis SWAT+ modelio sąrangos patikrinimui, kuris padeda užtikrinti modelio rezultatų patikimumą reikalingą naudojant modeliavimo rezultatus valdymo sprendimų priėmimui. Tyrimo rezultatai, paskelbti keturiose publikacijose.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Vytautas Magnus Univ...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Iten, Raphael; Wagner, Joël; Zeier Röschmann, Angela;

    Smart home (SH) technologies offer advancements in comfort, energy management, health, and safety. There is increasing interest in technology-enabled home services from scholars and professionals, particularly to meet the needs of a growing aging population. Yet, current research focuses on assisted living scenarios developed for elderly individuals with health impairments, and neglects to explore the potential of SHs in prevention. We aim to improve comprehension and guide future research on the value of SH technology for risk prevention with a survey assessing the adoption of SHs by older adults based on novel ad hoc collected data. Our survey is based on the theoretical background derived from the extant body of literature. In addition to established adoption factors and user characteristics, it includes previously unexamined elements such as active and healthy aging parameters, risk and insurance considerations, and social and hedonic dimensions. Descriptive results and regression analyses indicate that a vast majority of individuals acknowledge the preventive benefits of SHs. Additionally, we observe that individuals with higher levels of social activity, technology affinity, and knowledge of SHs tend to report greater interest. Moreover, perceived enjoyment and perceived risk emerge as central elements for SH adoption. Our research indicates that considering lifestyle factors when examining technology adoption and emphasizing the preventive benefits present possibilities for both future studies and practical implementations.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZHAW digitalcollecti...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lubitz, Nicolas;

    Study areas Both study areas are located along Western Boundary Currents (WBCs): the Agulhas Current in southern Africa and the East Australian Current in eastern Australia. In southern Africa, the area spans from the warm-temperate Breede River estuary on the south coast of South Africa (34.5°S) to northern Mozambique (16°S) (Figs. 1, 5a main MS). In eastern Australia, the area extends from the warm-temperate Sydney Harbour estuary (33.5˚S) to tropical Queensland (16.5˚S) (Fig. 5b main MS). On both continents, the study areas were divided into two distinctive zones (Fig. 5a, b main MS). First, an upwelling zone, comprising multiple coastal upwelling cells inshore of each WBC, extending from the southern limit equatorward to 32.4°S along the Agulhas Current and 28.6°S along the East Australian Current. This zone includes the Breede River and Sydney Harbour estuaries in South Africa and Australia, respectively (Fig. 5a, b main MS). The second zone, in each case, was the subtropical/tropical section of coastline equatorward of the upwelling zones. Both the Agulhas and East Australian Current closely follow the continental shelf, with their warm cores usually situated between 50-100 km offshore from the shelf edge16, 56. Note that although upwelling can occur in the subtropical/tropical areas to the north, it is most prominent and intense in both upwelling zones16, 30. In the case of the Agulhas Current, coastal upwelling can be caused by current forcing as well as by meanders in the current16, 19, 31. Such meanders can be associated with cold-core inshore eddies that travel south-ward along the shelf, often called "Natal Pulses" 17. Current-driven coastal upwelling is most common along the south-east coast of South Africa, due the proximity of the shelf edge to the coast16, 19, 31. Upwelling-favourable easterly winds can also contribute to coastal upwelling here16. As the shelf widens south of Port Elizabeth, this becomes the main mechanism of coastal upwelling, with a weakening influence of the current. Similarly, along the East Australia Current, current and eddy-driven upwelling mostly occurs along the narrow shelf from 24˚S to 32.5˚S, after which the current separates and wind-driven upwelling becomes the most prominent mechanism31, 32, 56. Collection of environmental variables On March 2nd 2021, dead marine organisms began washing up on beaches inshore of the Agulhas Current, between Port Elizabeth to ca. 100 km north of East London (Fig. 1a main MS). Specimens were collected and cataloged by Greg Brett in association with the East London Museum (Supplemental Table 2). To determine whether rapid-temperature drops associated with upwelling could be responsible for the deaths and, if so, to qualify characteristics of lethal upwelling events, we investigated sea-surface temperature (SST) from satellite imagery, in-situ temperatures at 30 m depth and wind speed and direction. We used the Aqua Modis sea-surface temperature data set from the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer on the AQUA NASA satellite, a daily, gridded level-3 data set at 0.04166° resolution, with data availability from 2003-2022. To analyse the duration as well as maximum spatial extent and rate of temperature declines for potential upwelling before, during and after the dead specimens washed up on local beaches, we generated mapped images in ArcGIS based on NetCDF-files downloaded from the OceanColor webserver (https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/l3/). Satellite-derived temperature data was complemented with in-situ temperatures collected by a temperature logger deployed 3 km offshore from Port Alfred (Fig. 1a main MS) at 30 m,, which recorded temperature at hourly intervals. Finally, wind data collected by the South African Weather Service at Port Alfred was used to determine whether upwelling-favourable easterly winds (45°-135°) occurred before and during the period dead marine organisms washed up on local beaches. Wind speed in m/s and wind direction in degrees was collected at 6-hour intervals daily between 8 am and 8 pm local time. Modelling trends in upwelling characteristics over time To investigate whether there has been an increasing trend in the proportion of upwelling-favourable winds on the south and south-east coast of South Africa, we used wind data collected by the South African Weather Service from three stations within the upwelling zone. Note that a similar analysis has previously been done for eastern Australia35. Daily wind speed in m/s and wind direction in degrees was collected at 6-hour intervals between 8 am and 8 pm local time. Data was available from November 2001 until March 2022 at Port Alfred, from October 1992 until March 2022 at Port Elizabeth, and from October 1988 until March 2022 at Plettenberg Bay. Based on the orientation of the coastline in the upwelling zone and wind direction in degrees, the data set was divided into upwelling-favourable winds (north-east to south-east (45°-135°) and non-upwelling favourable winds (all other directions)57. To estimate the daily prevailing wind speed and direction, data was averaged per day. Since we aimed to investigate potential impacts of increasing trends in upwelling on mobile marine species at their distributional limit, only wind data between October and April was included in the models. Based on bull shark tracking data from this study, this was the period during which animals tagged in the Breede River and Sydney Harbour estuaries were mainly present in the upwelling zone. Furthermore, this period also encompasses the austral summer months which are the main period of upwelling activity inshore of the Agulhas and East Australian Currents16, 19, 30, 34. Thus, annual data from October to April were combined to represent corresponding upwelling seasons. As a result, we had data for 21 upwelling seasons at Port Alfred, 30 at Port Elizabeth and 34 at Plettenberg Bay. Although timeseries at Port Alfred were shorter than 30 years, which is the recommended length for trend analysis21, we included this site to inspect a potential trend and compare it with Port Elizabeth and Plettenberg Bay sites. We then calculated the proportion of days during which upwelling-favourable winds occurred in each upwelling season. The resulting values were modelled against time (upwelling season) using generalised linear models (GLM) with binomial error distribution. Model fit and diagnostics, including tests for temporal autocorrelation were evaluated using the Dharma package in R. Only trends in the South African study areas were modelled as those in the east Australian coastline has previously been examined35. In order to investigate whether the number, mean intensity (in °C) and the mean rate of onset (in °C/day) of potential upwelling events has increased in upwelling cells inshore of both WBCs, we used the long-term, interpolated, reanalysed, daily Global Ocean OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature data set58. This gridded, level-4 data set covers the period from 10/01/1981 until present at a resolution of 0.05°, combining satellite data as well as in-situ data. We chose this data set because of long-term data availability of 41 years, the high standard of quality control and overall accuracy and applicability59. Although level-4 data sets can underestimate thermal signatures of upwelling zones due to warm biases, the OSTIA data set has been shown to perform better than other long-term data sets36. Furthermore, this bias is more pronounced in Eastern Boundary Current compared to Western Boundary Current upwelling systems33, 59. Next, we extracted sea-surface temperature data for prominent upwelling cells inshore of each WBC. This was off Port Alfred, Port Elizabeth and Plettenberg Bay for the Agulhas Current and Port Stephens, Diamond Head and Ballina for the East Australian Current16, 19, 30, 34, 37, 47. We then divided the shelf into inshore (0-15 km from shore) and midshelf (15-30 km from shore) sections. For each station, a pixel was randomly selected from inshore and midshelf sections from the gridded OSTIA SST data set along a transect (Fig. 7 main MS). Each transect extended from the coastline, across the shelf in a direction perpendicular to the shelf edge. Choosing inshore and midshelf pixel allowed us to compare trends across areas of varying shelf width where each WBC would influence upwelling differentially. Additionally, as a control, we selected an offshore pixel within the warm core of each current along the same transects for each station. No upwelling occurs within the offshore core of the currents and possible cold events would be due to temperature anomalies other than upwelling, hence no trends should be evident. We used the R package heatwaveR to detect cold events in each randomly selected pixel over time60. The algorithm implemented in this package is based on the hierarchical definition of extreme temperature events in21 and follows a similar methodology to characterising such events. In short, marine extreme temperature events are defined as discrete, anomalously warm or cold events with characteristics such as intensity, rate of onset, and spatial extent21. For extreme cold events, these characteristics are calculated in cases when temperatures fall below the 10th percentile threshold, which is based on a baseline climatology at least 30 years in duration to avoid impacts of decadal variability. Thus, data sets with long-term data availability, such as the OSTIA SST data set, available from 01/01/1981-present, are preferred21. Before calculating the baseline climatology at each pixel, we detrended the daily OSTIA sea surface temperature data as long-term trends in the climatology can affect detection of extreme temperature events using the detrend() function61. Within the detect_event() function of the heatwaveR package, we set the minimum duration for cold events to one day, in order to include short-term upwelling events which are common along both WBCs57. From the output of this function, we summed all discrete cold events each year from October to April, the time period tagged sharks were mainly present in both upwelling zones. We also calculated the annual mean intensity (in °C) and mean rate of onset (°C/day) for events from October to April. Visual inspection of the output suggested that trends in either variable remained similar using detrended and non-detrended data. We used generalised linear models to investigate trends in the number, mean intensity and mean rate of onset of upwelling events at each pixel between 1981 and 2022, with upwelling season (aggregated annually between October and April) as the independent variable. The number of upwelling events was modelled assuming a Poisson error distribution with a log-link function, while mean intensity and mean rate of onset were modelled assuming a Gaussian error distribution. Model fit and diagnostics were inspected using the Dharma package. When significant non-linearity and/or quantile deviations were detected, we fitted generalised additive models (GAMS) (Supplemental Tables 6 and 7), which were also inspected using Dharma and the gam.check() function in the mgcv package. Finally, as decadal variability and biases associated with L4-satellite SST products can confound trends in upwelling signals, we utilised temperature logger data from four locations within the upwelling cells of the Agulhas current (deployments from 1991 to 2022) and three different satellite SST products to validate our analyses above. Loggers were Star OddiTM temperature loggers with accuracy of ± 0.05°C located at Ystervarkpunt (78 km east of the Breede River), Mossel Bay (127 km east of the Breede River), Tsitsikamma (37 km east of Plettenberg Bay) and Mosterts Hoek (85 km west of Port Elizabeth) and serviced every 1-2 years (for deployment details see Supplemental Table 5). Satellite SST products used were the L4 OSTIA SST dataset from our original analyses (5 km resolution), the L4 CCI SST product (5 km resolution) and the L3 Pathfinder AVHRR night and day products combined into a single product (5 km resolution). Warming/cooling trends in SST products and logger data were estimated using the Theil-Sen estimator. The estimator is nonparametric and hence more robust than the parametric least-squares regression as it is resistant to outliers and does not draw from any probability distribution. Theil-Sen uses the median to estimate the slope as opposed to least-squares which makes use of a weighted mean for slope estimation. Spatial SST trends were calculated using each grid point within the designated area of the gridded SST product. Additionally, the SST and logger data trends were calculated using the anomalies to avoid the complicating effects of seasonality on trend values. Trend analyses for all logger locations and SST products ranged from June 1991 to August 2022. Animal tagging and tracking Tagged bull sharks were part of previously published data sets from southern Africa and eastern Australia and were acoustically tracked in coastal receiver arrays. For details about tagging methods and receiver arrays see27, 39, 62 , Supplemental Table 8). In short, in Australia, 25 bull sharks were internally tagged in Sydney Harbour with InnovaSeaTM V16TP tags that also recorded depth and temperature at the time of detection (tag nominal delay 30-90 s). Out of 41 bull sharks acoustically tagged in southern Africa as part of a separate study 27, 62, 15 individuals were also equipped with temperature and depth recording pop-up satellite archival transmitters (Wildlife ComputersTM Mk10-PSAT and miniPAT tags) and included again in this study (Supplemental Table 8). Five of these sharks were tagged inside the warm-temperate Breede River Estuary, and 10 at the subtropical Pinnacle Reef. PSAT-tags archived depth, temperature, and light level data at pre-programmed intervals of three seconds (n=1), five seconds (n=11) and 25 seconds (n=3). Additionally, binned data at 24-hour intervals was collected for temperature (9-11°C, 11-13°C, 13-15°C, 15-17°C, 17-19°C, 19-21°C, 21-23°C, 23-25°C, 25-27°C, 27-29°C, 29-31°C, 31-33°C) and depth (0-5m, 5-10m, 10-20m, 20-30m, 30-40m, 40-50m, 50-100m, 100-200m, 200-300m, 300-400m) for all PSAT-tags. Tags were released from animals after pre-programmed deployment durations (90-360 days). Tags then floated to the surface and transmitted data to the Argos satellites. Out of the 15 PSAT-tags deployed, 10 were physically recovered by the authors via boat, providing full archived temperature and depth data (one from a bull shark tagged at the Breede River and 9 from Pinnacle Reef). Transmitted data was initially decoded using the manufacturer's software (WC-DAP 3.0, Wildlife Computers, Inc., Redmond, WA). The Wildlife ComputersTM GPE3 State-Space model was used to generate estimates of most likely locations from acoustic detections and PSAT-tag light level data using a swimming speed of 0.7 m/s64 and to create movement tracks for each shark (Supplemental Figs. 19-23). Then, in the statistical software R63 each shark location was matched with depth and temperature data collected by the PSAT-tags to presence in the two regions of interest: The upwelling zone (distinguishing locations inside the Breede River and outside), and the subtropical/tropical areas past the upwelling zone (Supplemental Figs. 19-23). For example, if an acoustic detection or geolocation estimate occurred in the upwelling zone (Fig. 5 main MS), the corresponding depth and temperature value at this timestamp was assigned to the upwelling zone. Note, this was only done for sharks tagged in the Breede River, as animals tagged at Pinnacle Reef remained in subtropical/tropical areas with limited upwelling. Similarly, for sharks acoustically tagged in Sydney Harbour, detections at receivers were assigned to either being in the upwelling zone, (distinguishing detections inside Sydney Harbour and outside), or past the upwelling zone (subtropical-tropical Queensland) (Fig. 5b main MS). Studies from multiple geographical locations have shown that bull shark abundance declines significantly when seasonal temperatures fall below a long-term thermal affinity threshold of 19°C38, 39, 40, 41. To further test this threshold and investigate thermal preferences for bull sharks, we established a tentative thermal range, using bull shark occurrence records in southern Africa and eastern Australia from the Global Biodiversty Information Facility (GBIF)65in combination with our acoustic detections. For this, we filtered combined bull shark occurrences to daily, verifed human and machine observations and spatio-temporally matched each occurrence with a pixel from the AQUA Modis L3-satellite temperature data set. Similar analysis using occurrence data was also performed for three megafauna species that have had fatalities in severe upwelling events, the whale shark Rhincodon typus manta rays, Mobula birostris and Mobula alfredi. For South African sharks for which PSATs were retrieved and full archival data was available (Supplemental Table 15), we plotted continuous temperature and depth over time, while indicating the occupied zone. Binned data from all Breede River bull sharks (full archival and partial data) was used to calculate percent of time at depth and temperatures to compare this in both upwelling and non-upwelling zones Pinnacle Reef sharks were detected only outside of upwelling cells). The maximum duration in consecutive hours, for which the Breede sharks were experiencing temperatures below 19°C for each zone was also calculated. Similarly, we binned temperature and depth data recorded from acoustic detections of bull sharks tagged in Sydney Harbour to determine percent of time at depth/temperature. Acoustic detections at depth/temperature were also plotted over time for sharks tagged in Sydney Harbour and indicated in which zone they occurred. Lastly, data from temperature loggers deployed outside the Breede estuary at 20 m and off Port Alfred at 30 m, as well as the loggers used for Theil-Sen estimation (see previous section) were used to spatio-temporally match temperature and depth recorded by PSAT-tags of the Breede River sharks with upwelling events at nearby loggers based on shark acoustic detections/PSAT-geolocations. This was plotted in combination with a detection timeline from combined acoustic and PSAT-tag locations to indicate when and where PSAT-tagged sharks encountered active upwelling cells. Temperature data for outside Sydney Harbour was recorded by a mooring located 14 km offshore, between 12-20 m depth, which was used to plot upwelling events with acoustic shark detections. Method References 56. Archer MR, Roughan M, Keating SR, Schaeffer A. On the variability of the East Australian Current: Jet structure, meandering, and influence on shelf circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2017, 122(11): 8464-8481. 57. Abrahams A, Schlegel RW, Smit AJ. A novel approach to quantify metrics of upwelling intensity, frequency, and duration. PLoS One 2021, 16(7): e0254026. 58. Good S, Fiedler E, Mao C, Martin MJ, Maycock A, Reid R, et al. The current configuration of the OSTIA system for operational production of foundation sea surface temperature and ice concentration analyses. Remote Sensing 2020, 12(4): 720. 59. Yang C, Leonelli FE, Marullo S, Artale V, Beggs H, Nardelli BB, et al. Sea surface temperature intercomparison in the framework of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). Journal of Climate 2021, 34(13): 5257-5283. 60. Schlegel RW, Smit AJ. heatwaveR: A central algorithm for the detection of heatwaves and cold-spells. Journal of Open Source Software 2018, 3(27): 821. 61. Schlegel RW, Oliver EC, Hobday AJ, Smit AJ. Detecting marine heatwaves with sub-optimal data. Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6: 737. 62. Daly R, Smale MJ, Cowley PD, Froneman PW. Residency patterns and migration dynamics of adult bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) on the east coast of southern Africa. PloS one 2014, 9(10): e109357. 63. R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ 64. Brunnschweiler JM. Sharksucker–shark interaction in two carcharhinid species. Marine Ecology 2006, 27(1): 89-94. 65. Stuart-Smith, R. D., Edgar, G. J., Barrett, N. S., Kininmonth, S. J., & Bates, A. E. (2015). Thermal biases and vulnerability to warming in the world's marine fauna. Nature, 528(7580), 88-92. The impacts on marine species from secular warming and heatwaves are well demonstrated, however the impacts of extreme cold events are poorly understood. Here, we link the death of organisms from 81 species to an intense cold upwelling event in the Agulhas Current, and show trends of increasing frequency and intensification of upwelling in the Agulhas Current and East Australian Current. Using electronic tagging, we illustrate potential impacts of upwelling events on the movement behaviour of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas including alterations of migratory patterns and maintenance of shallower dive profiles when transiting through upwelling cells. Increasing upwelling could result in "bait-and-switch" situations, where climate change expands subtropical species' distribution, while simultaneously exposing climate-migrants to increased risk of cold-stun/mortality events at poleward distributional limits. This shows the potential impacts of increased cold events, an understudied aspect of climate-change research, and highlights the complexities of climate change effects on marine ecosystems.

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    Authors: Guirado Pujol, Júlia;

    Recent studies show that municipal solid waste production is projected to be at a global rate of 2 billion tonnes per year, where up to 37% of this waste will be dumped in landfills (The World Bank, 2023). Using the biochemical anaerobic digestion process, Stormossen Oy is a Finnish waste management company that primarily treats biowaste and sewage sludge to produce biogas and digestate (Stormossen Oy, 2020). Whilst most of their outcomes are monetised, the sludge digestate is currently considered as waste. Through a thorough review of literature and European laws, the thesis aims to determine if sludge digestate can be treated as fertiliser. The final purpose was to assess Stormossen Oy on how they could implement a beneficial sludge digestate treatment. Therefore, the sludge digestate compounds information was provided by the company. According to Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the characteristics of an EU fertilising product must-have, the digestate from sewage sludge cannot be used as fertiliser. However, sewage sludge can be used to obtain phosphate salts and their derivates, which can be used in fertiliser manufacturing. Future studies might be conducted to look at the financial and environmental advantages of processing sewage sludge to produce precipitated phosphate salts and their derivates. Additionally, a more thorough review of legislation could determine if cooking oil could be used during the procedure. Also, a further scenario to be studied could be to pre-treat the sewage sludge to produce precipitate phosphate salts, followed by an anaerobic digestion process to produce biogas.

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    Authors: Surugiu, Romina; Apostol, Nicoleta-Elena;

    Digital Transformation, Media and Social Inequalities Bucharest, Romania, 25-26 January 2024 Call for papers Recent technological developments and transformations in media and communication require a global reflection on their effects and outcomes on society, democracy and business. The platformisation process with its institutional dimensions: data infrastructures, markets and governance (Poell, Nieborg & van Dijck, 2019) led to new business models and relationships between social, market and political actors. Journalism as an institution has been under question for over a decade or even two (Deuze, 2020) as the news industry is declining. Journalism as a profession strives to retain or regain the people’s trust. With its recent advances artificial intelligence is seen as a threat or a chance for humanity. The AI’s impact on the media and communication sector is open for debate. Is it a threat or an asset for professional practice? At the same time, the hybridisation of communication professions – roughly defined as a mixture of journalistic and public relations and advertising&marketing practices in the digital context – adds new challenges in maintaining a fair and democratic public sphere and ensuring equal access to quality information. Our focus is to foster an open academic debate on broad themes related to the outcomes of digital transformation in contemporary media and communication. We encourage contributions that adhere to the critical sociology perspective.

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    Authors: Niskanen, Iida;

    Tämän insinöörityön tavoitteena oli muodostaa erilaisia paikkatiedon käsittelyprosessiketjuja, jotka tuottavat mahdollisimman käyttövalmista aineistoa STRYK-analyysia varten. STRYK-analyysi on Kotka-Haminan seudun strategisen yleiskaavan suunnittelun ja seurannan työkalu. STRYK-analyysissa seurataan erilaisten yhdyskuntarakenteeseen liittyvien ilmiöiden muutoksia seudulla. Paikkatiedon käsittely toteutettiin Esrin ArcGIS -ympäristössä ja pääasiallisena tuotteena paikkatietoaineistojen käsittelyssä toimi työasemaohjelma ArcGIS Pro:n versio 3.0.2. Insinöörityössä keskityttiin paikkatiedon käsittelyprosessiketjujen rakentamiseen tietomalleiksi ModelBuilder -visualisointikielellä. ModelBuilder mahdollistaa prosessiketjujen toistamisen uusilla lähtötiedostoilla, joten se tuo automaattisuutta STRYK-analyysin päivittämiseen. Insinöörityön tuloksena muodostettiin kahdeksan käyttövalmista tietomallia, jotka tuottavat karttoja ja taulukoita, jotka sisällytetään vuoden 2024 STRYK-analyysistä tehtävään julkaisuun. Insinöörityössä on esitetty kaikki tietomallien rakentamiseen käytetyt ArcGIS Pro -ohjelman geoprosessointityökalut ja tutkittu niiden toimintaa ja toimivuutta. Tietomallit on todettu käyttökelpoisiksi, mutta niiden automatiikkaan jää vielä kehitettävää. The aim of this final year project was to develop various process chains of geospatial data. The aim of the process was to produce operational geospatial data as the outcome to be used in the analysis of the Kotka-Hamina regions master plan. The analysis would serve as a useful tool for the planning and monitoring the spatial structure of the region. The geospatial data processing was executed in Esri’s ArcGIS software environment, principally with ArcGIS Pro 3.0.2. desktop application. The focus of the final project was on creating geospatial data models with ModelBuilder, a visual programming language used in ArcGIS Pro. ModelBuilder supports use of the data models with new input data, which provides automatic data processing as the analysis will be updated. The final year project resulted in eight operational data models to produce maps and tables based on geospatial data. The maps and tables will be used in the analysis master plan of the Kotka-Hamina region in the year 2024. The ArcGIS Pro geoprocessing tools included in the data models are discussed in this bachelor’s thesis. The usability of the data models in ArcGIS Pro was confirmed, but data models can be improved in the future.

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    Authors: Gülez, Hakan;

    The aim of this study was to investigate the role of leadership amidst the pervasive changes brought about by digital transformation and to delineate strategies for adapting management practices within an evolving digital landscape. This research involved an extensive literature review covering leadership theories, digital transformation dynamics, and evolving management paradigms. Utilizing qualitative analysis and case studies of organizations navigating digital shifts, this study scrutinized the pivotal elements of effective leadership in the digital era. Findings underscored the significance of proactive and adaptive leadership styles that integrate technology while fostering a human-centered approach. It revealed that successful leaders prioritize innovation, agility, and strategic foresight while nurturing a culture conducive to continuous learning and adaptation. The conclusions derived from this research emphasize the crucial role of adaptive leadership in steering organizations through digital transformations. Embracing technological advancements while prioritizing human-centric values is pivotal in successfully navigating the complexities of a digitalized environment.

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    Authors: Barcelona Activa, S.A.; Generalitat de Catalunya; Universitat Oberta de Catalunya; Fundació Blanquerna;

    Aprovat entre Barcelona Activa SAU SPM, la Secretaria de Polítiques Digitals de la Generalitat de catAlunya, la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya i Fundació Blanquerna - Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna - Universitat Ramon Llull el 02-02-2024.

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    Authors: Suontlahti, Mika;

    Maatalousaurinkosähkö, millä tarkoitetaan yhdistettyä maankäyttöä maatalouden ja aurinkoenergian tuotantoon, on osoittautunut käyttökelpoiseksi ratkaisuksi Keski- ja Etelä-Euroopassa uusiutuvan energian tuottamiseen samalla kun se suojelee viljelykasveja lisääntyviltä äärisääilmiöiltä. Toimeksiantaja Energiequelle Oy tilasi tämän opinnäytetyön kehittääkseen aihetta ja tutkiakseen sen kannattavuutta ja toimivuutta Pohjoismaissa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia maatalousaurinkosähkön teknologian tasoa ja tarkastella aikaisempia tutkimuksia, Suomeen toteutettavissa olevaa tutkimushankkeen suunnittelua varten. Lisäksi, mallintaa tutkimusjärjestelmä käyttäen alalla yleisesti käytössä olevaa simulointi ohjelmaa ja simuloinnin tulosten perusteella arvioida alustavaa kannattavuutta sähköntuotannon kannalta. Työssä suunnitellaan ja simuloidaan kaksi erilaista maatalousaurinkosähkö tutkimusjärjestelmää, joilla on erilaiset painopisteet tutkimukselle. Työn tulokset osoittavat, että maatalousaurinkosähköjärjestelmien eri toteutuksissa on erilaisia etuja toisiinsa verrattuna. Oikein toteutettuina järjestelmät kasvattavat peltoalueen tehokkuutta ja samalla maatalouden kannattavuutta. Maatalousaurinkosähköjärjestelmät ovat laaja aihe, joiden vaikutuksista viljelykasveihin täytyy tehdä jatko tutkimuksia, jotta voidaan tehdä johtopäätöksiä toimivuudesta ja toteutettavuudesta pohjoismaissa. Agrivoltaics, the combined use of land for agriculture and solar energy production, has become a viable solution in producing renewable energy while protecting crops from increasing extreme weather events in Central and Southern Europe. Energiequelle Oy commissioned this bachelor’s thesis in order to develop the subject further and research it’s feasibility and functionality in the Nordics. The goal of this thesis was to research the state-of-the-art of agrivoltaics and to review earlier done research in order to plan a research project site for the Nordic climate of Finland. Also, the goal was to simulate the research system using industry standard PV simulation software for a preliminary feasibility analysis focusing on the perspective of electricity production. Two research sites with different research objects and designs were planned and simulated. Feasibility results reveal that different implementations of agrivoltaic systems have different benefits and advantages over the others. To add, when properly implemented, agrivoltaic systems increase the efficiency of arable land and the feasibility of agricultural practices. Agrivoltaics is a broad topic and further research on its effects on crops have to be conducted in order to draw conclusions on its functionality and feasibility in the Nordics.

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    Authors: Hojnik, Janja;

    This course material was prepared as a support for a lectures series under Global Law Programme organised by the Catholic University Leuven (Belgium), Faculty of Law and Criminology. The course dealt with EU regulatory challenges arising from the servitisation of manufacturing and the related sustainability and digitalisation process in the EU economy. Servitisation is a complex interdisciplinary concept that essentially stands for bringing together products and services. Servitization as an economic megatrend reflects consumers’ oriented business models, offering not just products to the buyers, but solutions to their problems. This solution offering is enhanced by digitalisation of the economy that makes the relationship between product-service providers and their customers easier to maintain due to various mechanisms of distant communication and monitoring. Moreover, servitisation is at the centre of the endeavours to establish a more sustainable circular economy. Adding services to products can prolong their consumption time, decrease the amount of materials needed for certain effect and improve waste management. Increasingly, however, it is clear that servitisation is not just related to environmental sustainability, but social as well. These services often require people to be performed and digital applications tend to decrease their rights as workers to the benefit of the owners of these applications. To študijsko gradivo je bilo pripravljeno kot podpora za serijo predavanj v okviru programa Global Law, ki ga je organizirala Katoliška univerza Leuven (Belgija), Fakulteta za pravo in kriminologijo. Predmet je obravnaval regulatorne izzive EU, ki izhajajo iz storitvizacije proizvodnje in s tem povezanih procesov trajnosti in digitalizacije v gospodarstvu EU. Storitvizacija je kompleksen interdisciplinarni koncept, ki v bistvu pomeni združevanje izdelkov in storitev. Storitvizacija kot ekonomski megatrend odraža k potrošnikom usmerjene poslovne modele, ki kupcem ne ponujajo le izdelkov, temveč rešitve za njihove težave. Ta ponudba rešitev je nadgrajena z digitalizacijo gospodarstva, ki omogoča lažje vzdrževanje odnosa med ponudniki izdelkov in storitev ter njihovimi kupci zaradi različnih mehanizmov oddaljenega komuniciranja in spremljanja. Poleg tega je storitvizacija v središču prizadevanj za vzpostavitev bolj trajnostnega krožnega gospodarstva. Dodajanje storitev izdelkom lahko podaljša čas njihove porabe, zmanjša količino potrebnih materialov za določen učinek in izboljša ravnanje z odpadki. Vse bolj pa je jasno, da storitvizacija ni povezana samo z okoljsko trajnostjo, ampak tudi s socialno. Te storitve pogosto zahtevajo, da jih izvajajo ljudje, digitalne aplikacije pa običajno zmanjšujejo njihove pravice delavcev v korist lastnikov teh aplikacij.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plungė, Svajūnas;

    This study aims to evaluate how climate change affects agricultural diffuse water pollution, the effectiveness of pollution abatement measures, and water management programs in Lithuania. The work assesses changes in water and nutrient balances across the country, examines shifts in the effectiveness of pollution control measures, and estimates the necessary scale and design of water management programs to achieve water protection goals given the warming climate. Conducted in collaboration with the Lithuanian Environmental Protection Agency, the research addresses practical water management issues and aligns with national environmental targets. The study integrates climate impact assessment, hydrological modeling, modeling the best management practices, optimization with genetic algorithms, and the evaluation of achievement of water environmental goals. Additionally, a new tool was developed and provided for SWAT+ model setup verification to enhance confidence in modeling results, which is crucial for informing water management decisions. The findings, disseminated across four publications, offer comprehensive insights into the intersection between climate change, water and environmental management related aspects in Lithuania. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra įvertinti klimato šiltėjimo įtaką žemės ūkio pasklidajai vandens taršai, taršos mažinimo priemonių efektyvumui ir vandens taršos mažinimo programų veiksmingumui Lietuvoje. Tyrimo metu buvo vertinami vandens ir maistingųjų medžiagų balanso pokyčiai visoje šalyje, analizuotas poveikis taršos mažinimo priemonių efektyvumui, taip pat įvertintas reikalingas vandens valdymo programų mastas ir dizainas, skirtas pasiekti vandens apsaugos tikslus kintančioje klimato aplinkoje. Tyrimas buvo atliktas bendradarbiaujant su Aplinkos apsaugos agentūra, todėl jame nagrinėjami praktiniai vandens valdymo klausimai susiję su nacionaliniais vandensaugos tikslais. Darbe integruojamas klimato poveikio vertinimas, hidrologinis modeliavimas, pasklidosios vandens taršos mažinimo priemonių modeliavimas, optimizavimas genetiniais algoritmais ir vandensaugos tikslų įgyvendinimo vertinimas. Be to, buvo sukurtas ir pristatytas naujas įrankis SWAT+ modelio sąrangos patikrinimui, kuris padeda užtikrinti modelio rezultatų patikimumą reikalingą naudojant modeliavimo rezultatus valdymo sprendimų priėmimui. Tyrimo rezultatai, paskelbti keturiose publikacijose.

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    Authors: Iten, Raphael; Wagner, Joël; Zeier Röschmann, Angela;

    Smart home (SH) technologies offer advancements in comfort, energy management, health, and safety. There is increasing interest in technology-enabled home services from scholars and professionals, particularly to meet the needs of a growing aging population. Yet, current research focuses on assisted living scenarios developed for elderly individuals with health impairments, and neglects to explore the potential of SHs in prevention. We aim to improve comprehension and guide future research on the value of SH technology for risk prevention with a survey assessing the adoption of SHs by older adults based on novel ad hoc collected data. Our survey is based on the theoretical background derived from the extant body of literature. In addition to established adoption factors and user characteristics, it includes previously unexamined elements such as active and healthy aging parameters, risk and insurance considerations, and social and hedonic dimensions. Descriptive results and regression analyses indicate that a vast majority of individuals acknowledge the preventive benefits of SHs. Additionally, we observe that individuals with higher levels of social activity, technology affinity, and knowledge of SHs tend to report greater interest. Moreover, perceived enjoyment and perceived risk emerge as central elements for SH adoption. Our research indicates that considering lifestyle factors when examining technology adoption and emphasizing the preventive benefits present possibilities for both future studies and practical implementations.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lubitz, Nicolas;

    Study areas Both study areas are located along Western Boundary Currents (WBCs): the Agulhas Current in southern Africa and the East Australian Current in eastern Australia. In southern Africa, the area spans from the warm-temperate Breede River estuary on the south coast of South Africa (34.5°S) to northern Mozambique (16°S) (Figs. 1, 5a main MS). In eastern Australia, the area extends from the warm-temperate Sydney Harbour estuary (33.5˚S) to tropical Queensland (16.5˚S) (Fig. 5b main MS). On both continents, the study areas were divided into two distinctive zones (Fig. 5a, b main MS). First, an upwelling zone, comprising multiple coastal upwelling cells inshore of each WBC, extending from the southern limit equatorward to 32.4°S along the Agulhas Current and 28.6°S along the East Australian Current. This zone includes the Breede River and Sydney Harbour estuaries in South Africa and Australia, respectively (Fig. 5a, b main MS). The second zone, in each case, was the subtropical/tropical section of coastline equatorward of the upwelling zones. Both the Agulhas and East Australian Current closely follow the continental shelf, with their warm cores usually situated between 50-100 km offshore from the shelf edge16, 56. Note that although upwelling can occur in the subtropical/tropical areas to the north, it is most prominent and intense in both upwelling zones16, 30. In the case of the Agulhas Current, coastal upwelling can be caused by current forcing as well as by meanders in the current16, 19, 31. Such meanders can be associated with cold-core inshore eddies that travel south-ward along the shelf, often called "Natal Pulses" 17. Current-driven coastal upwelling is most common along the south-east coast of South Africa, due the proximity of the shelf edge to the coast16, 19, 31. Upwelling-favourable easterly winds can also contribute to coastal upwelling here16. As the shelf widens south of Port Elizabeth, this becomes the main mechanism of coastal upwelling, with a weakening influence of the current. Similarly, along the East Australia Current, current and eddy-driven upwelling mostly occurs along the narrow shelf from 24˚S to 32.5˚S, after which the current separates and wind-driven upwelling becomes the most prominent mechanism31, 32, 56. Collection of environmental variables On March 2nd 2021, dead marine organisms began washing up on beaches inshore of the Agulhas Current, between Port Elizabeth to ca. 100 km north of East London (Fig. 1a main MS). Specimens were collected and cataloged by Greg Brett in association with the East London Museum (Supplemental Table 2). To determine whether rapid-temperature drops associated with upwelling could be responsible for the deaths and, if so, to qualify characteristics of lethal upwelling events, we investigated sea-surface temperature (SST) from satellite imagery, in-situ temperatures at 30 m depth and wind speed and direction. We used the Aqua Modis sea-surface temperature data set from the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer on the AQUA NASA satellite, a daily, gridded level-3 data set at 0.04166° resolution, with data availability from 2003-2022. To analyse the duration as well as maximum spatial extent and rate of temperature declines for potential upwelling before, during and after the dead specimens washed up on local beaches, we generated mapped images in ArcGIS based on NetCDF-files downloaded from the OceanColor webserver (https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/l3/). Satellite-derived temperature data was complemented with in-situ temperatures collected by a temperature logger deployed 3 km offshore from Port Alfred (Fig. 1a main MS) at 30 m,, which recorded temperature at hourly intervals. Finally, wind data collected by the South African Weather Service at Port Alfred was used to determine whether upwelling-favourable easterly winds (45°-135°) occurred before and during the period dead marine organisms washed up on local beaches. Wind speed in m/s and wind direction in degrees was collected at 6-hour intervals daily between 8 am and 8 pm local time. Modelling trends in upwelling characteristics over time To investigate whether there has been an increasing trend in the proportion of upwelling-favourable winds on the south and south-east coast of South Africa, we used wind data collected by the South African Weather Service from three stations within the upwelling zone. Note that a similar analysis has previously been done for eastern Australia35. Daily wind speed in m/s and wind direction in degrees was collected at 6-hour intervals between 8 am and 8 pm local time. Data was available from November 2001 until March 2022 at Port Alfred, from October 1992 until March 2022 at Port Elizabeth, and from October 1988 until March 2022 at Plettenberg Bay. Based on the orientation of the coastline in the upwelling zone and wind direction in degrees, the data set was divided into upwelling-favourable winds (north-east to south-east (45°-135°) and non-upwelling favourable winds (all other directions)57. To estimate the daily prevailing wind speed and direction, data was averaged per day. Since we aimed to investigate potential impacts of increasing trends in upwelling on mobile marine species at their distributional limit, only wind data between October and April was included in the models. Based on bull shark tracking data from this study, this was the period during which animals tagged in the Breede River and Sydney Harbour estuaries were mainly present in the upwelling zone. Furthermore, this period also encompasses the austral summer months which are the main period of upwelling activity inshore of the Agulhas and East Australian Currents16, 19, 30, 34. Thus, annual data from October to April were combined to represent corresponding upwelling seasons. As a result, we had data for 21 upwelling seasons at Port Alfred, 30 at Port Elizabeth and 34 at Plettenberg Bay. Although timeseries at Port Alfred were shorter than 30 years, which is the recommended length for trend analysis21, we included this site to inspect a potential trend and compare it with Port Elizabeth and Plettenberg Bay sites. We then calculated the proportion of days during which upwelling-favourable winds occurred in each upwelling season. The resulting values were modelled against time (upwelling season) using generalised linear models (GLM) with binomial error distribution. Model fit and diagnostics, including tests for temporal autocorrelation were evaluated using the Dharma package in R. Only trends in the South African study areas were modelled as those in the east Australian coastline has previously been examined35. In order to investigate whether the number, mean intensity (in °C) and the mean rate of onset (in °C/day) of potential upwelling events has increased in upwelling cells inshore of both WBCs, we used the long-term, interpolated, reanalysed, daily Global Ocean OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature data set58. This gridded, level-4 data set covers the period from 10/01/1981 until present at a resolution of 0.05°, combining satellite data as well as in-situ data. We chose this data set because of long-term data availability of 41 years, the high standard of quality control and overall accuracy and applicability59. Although level-4 data sets can underestimate thermal signatures of upwelling zones due to warm biases, the OSTIA data set has been shown to perform better than other long-term data sets36. Furthermore, this bias is more pronounced in Eastern Boundary Current compared to Western Boundary Current upwelling systems33, 59. Next, we extracted sea-surface temperature data for prominent upwelling cells inshore of each WBC. This was off Port Alfred, Port Elizabeth and Plettenberg Bay for the Agulhas Current and Port Stephens, Diamond Head and Ballina for the East Australian Current16, 19, 30, 34, 37, 47. We then divided the shelf into inshore (0-15 km from shore) and midshelf (15-30 km from shore) sections. For each station, a pixel was randomly selected from inshore and midshelf sections from the gridded OSTIA SST data set along a transect (Fig. 7 main MS). Each transect extended from the coastline, across the shelf in a direction perpendicular to the shelf edge. Choosing inshore and midshelf pixel allowed us to compare trends across areas of varying shelf width where each WBC would influence upwelling differentially. Additionally, as a control, we selected an offshore pixel within the warm core of each current along the same transects for each station. No upwelling occurs within the offshore core of the currents and possible cold events would be due to temperature anomalies other than upwelling, hence no trends should be evident. We used the R package heatwaveR to detect cold events in each randomly selected pixel over time60. The algorithm implemented in this package is based on the hierarchical definition of extreme temperature events in21 and follows a similar methodology to characterising such events. In short, marine extreme temperature events are defined as discrete, anomalously warm or cold events with characteristics such as intensity, rate of onset, and spatial extent21. For extreme cold events, these characteristics are calculated in cases when temperatures fall below the 10th percentile threshold, which is based on a baseline climatology at least 30 years in duration to avoid impacts of decadal variability. Thus, data sets with long-term data availability, such as the OSTIA SST data set, available from 01/01/1981-present, are preferred21. Before calculating the baseline climatology at each pixel, we detrended the daily OSTIA sea surface temperature data as long-term trends in the climatology can affect detection of extreme temperature events using the detrend() function61. Within the detect_event() function of the heatwaveR package, we set the minimum duration for cold events to one day, in order to include short-term upwelling events which are common along both WBCs57. From the output of this function, we summed all discrete cold events each year from October to April, the time period tagged sharks were mainly present in both upwelling zones. We also calculated the annual mean intensity (in °C) and mean rate of onset (°C/day) for events from October to April. Visual inspection of the output suggested that trends in either variable remained similar using detrended and non-detrended data. We used generalised linear models to investigate trends in the number, mean intensity and mean rate of onset of upwelling events at each pixel between 1981 and 2022, with upwelling season (aggregated annually between October and April) as the independent variable. The number of upwelling events was modelled assuming a Poisson error distribution with a log-link function, while mean intensity and mean rate of onset were modelled assuming a Gaussian error distribution. Model fit and diagnostics were inspected using the Dharma package. When significant non-linearity and/or quantile deviations were detected, we fitted generalised additive models (GAMS) (Supplemental Tables 6 and 7), which were also inspected using Dharma and the gam.check() function in the mgcv package. Finally, as decadal variability and biases associated with L4-satellite SST products can confound trends in upwelling signals, we utilised temperature logger data from four locations within the upwelling cells of the Agulhas current (deployments from 1991 to 2022) and three different satellite SST products to validate our analyses above. Loggers were Star OddiTM temperature loggers with accuracy of ± 0.05°C located at Ystervarkpunt (78 km east of the Breede River), Mossel Bay (127 km east of the Breede River), Tsitsikamma (37 km east of Plettenberg Bay) and Mosterts Hoek (85 km west of Port Elizabeth) and serviced every 1-2 years (for deployment details see Supplemental Table 5). Satellite SST products used were the L4 OSTIA SST dataset from our original analyses (5 km resolution), the L4 CCI SST product (5 km resolution) and the L3 Pathfinder AVHRR night and day products combined into a single product (5 km resolution). Warming/cooling trends in SST products and logger data were estimated using the Theil-Sen estimator. The estimator is nonparametric and hence more robust than the parametric least-squares regression as it is resistant to outliers and does not draw from any probability distribution. Theil-Sen uses the median to estimate the slope as opposed to least-squares which makes use of a weighted mean for slope estimation. Spatial SST trends were calculated using each grid point within the designated area of the gridded SST product. Additionally, the SST and logger data trends were calculated using the anomalies to avoid the complicating effects of seasonality on trend values. Trend analyses for all logger locations and SST products ranged from June 1991 to August 2022. Animal tagging and tracking Tagged bull sharks were part of previously published data sets from southern Africa and eastern Australia and were acoustically tracked in coastal receiver arrays. For details about tagging methods and receiver arrays see27, 39, 62 , Supplemental Table 8). In short, in Australia, 25 bull sharks were internally tagged in Sydney Harbour with InnovaSeaTM V16TP tags that also recorded depth and temperature at the time of detection (tag nominal delay 30-90 s). Out of 41 bull sharks acoustically tagged in southern Africa as part of a separate study 27, 62, 15 individuals were also equipped with temperature and depth recording pop-up satellite archival transmitters (Wildlife ComputersTM Mk10-PSAT and miniPAT tags) and included again in this study (Supplemental Table 8). Five of these sharks were tagged inside the warm-temperate Breede River Estuary, and 10 at the subtropical Pinnacle Reef. PSAT-tags archived depth, temperature, and light level data at pre-programmed intervals of three seconds (n=1), five seconds (n=11) and 25 seconds (n=3). Additionally, binned data at 24-hour intervals was collected for temperature (9-11°C, 11-13°C, 13-15°C, 15-17°C, 17-19°C, 19-21°C, 21-23°C, 23-25°C, 25-27°C, 27-29°C, 29-31°C, 31-33°C) and depth (0-5m, 5-10m, 10-20m, 20-30m, 30-40m, 40-50m, 50-100m, 100-200m, 200-300m, 300-400m) for all PSAT-tags. Tags were released from animals after pre-programmed deployment durations (90-360 days). Tags then floated to the surface and transmitted data to the Argos satellites. Out of the 15 PSAT-tags deployed, 10 were physically recovered by the authors via boat, providing full archived temperature and depth data (one from a bull shark tagged at the Breede River and 9 from Pinnacle Reef). Transmitted data was initially decoded using the manufacturer's software (WC-DAP 3.0, Wildlife Computers, Inc., Redmond, WA). The Wildlife ComputersTM GPE3 State-Space model was used to generate estimates of most likely locations from acoustic detections and PSAT-tag light level data using a swimming speed of 0.7 m/s64 and to create movement tracks for each shark (Supplemental Figs. 19-23). Then, in the statistical software R63 each shark location was matched with depth and temperature data collected by the PSAT-tags to presence in the two regions of interest: The upwelling zone (distinguishing locations inside the Breede River and outside), and the subtropical/tropical areas past the upwelling zone (Supplemental Figs. 19-23). For example, if an acoustic detection or geolocation estimate occurred in the upwelling zone (Fig. 5 main MS), the corresponding depth and temperature value at this timestamp was assigned to the upwelling zone. Note, this was only done for sharks tagged in the Breede River, as animals tagged at Pinnacle Reef remained in subtropical/tropical areas with limited upwelling. Similarly, for sharks acoustically tagged in Sydney Harbour, detections at receivers were assigned to either being in the upwelling zone, (distinguishing detections inside Sydney Harbour and outside), or past the upwelling zone (subtropical-tropical Queensland) (Fig. 5b main MS). Studies from multiple geographical locations have shown that bull shark abundance declines significantly when seasonal temperatures fall below a long-term thermal affinity threshold of 19°C38, 39, 40, 41. To further test this threshold and investigate thermal preferences for bull sharks, we established a tentative thermal range, using bull shark occurrence records in southern Africa and eastern Australia from the Global Biodiversty Information Facility (GBIF)65in combination with our acoustic detections. For this, we filtered combined bull shark occurrences to daily, verifed human and machine observations and spatio-temporally matched each occurrence with a pixel from the AQUA Modis L3-satellite temperature data set. Similar analysis using occurrence data was also performed for three megafauna species that have had fatalities in severe upwelling events, the whale shark Rhincodon typus manta rays, Mobula birostris and Mobula alfredi. For South African sharks for which PSATs were retrieved and full archival data was available (Supplemental Table 15), we plotted continuous temperature and depth over time, while indicating the occupied zone. Binned data from all Breede River bull sharks (full archival and partial data) was used to calculate percent of time at depth and temperatures to compare this in both upwelling and non-upwelling zones Pinnacle Reef sharks were detected only outside of upwelling cells). The maximum duration in consecutive hours, for which the Breede sharks were experiencing temperatures below 19°C for each zone was also calculated. Similarly, we binned temperature and depth data recorded from acoustic detections of bull sharks tagged in Sydney Harbour to determine percent of time at depth/temperature. Acoustic detections at depth/temperature were also plotted over time for sharks tagged in Sydney Harbour and indicated in which zone they occurred. Lastly, data from temperature loggers deployed outside the Breede estuary at 20 m and off Port Alfred at 30 m, as well as the loggers used for Theil-Sen estimation (see previous section) were used to spatio-temporally match temperature and depth recorded by PSAT-tags of the Breede River sharks with upwelling events at nearby loggers based on shark acoustic detections/PSAT-geolocations. This was plotted in combination with a detection timeline from combined acoustic and PSAT-tag locations to indicate when and where PSAT-tagged sharks encountered active upwelling cells. Temperature data for outside Sydney Harbour was recorded by a mooring located 14 km offshore, between 12-20 m depth, which was used to plot upwelling events with acoustic shark detections. Method References 56. Archer MR, Roughan M, Keating SR, Schaeffer A. On the variability of the East Australian Current: Jet structure, meandering, and influence on shelf circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2017, 122(11): 8464-8481. 57. Abrahams A, Schlegel RW, Smit AJ. A novel approach to quantify metrics of upwelling intensity, frequency, and duration. PLoS One 2021, 16(7): e0254026. 58. Good S, Fiedler E, Mao C, Martin MJ, Maycock A, Reid R, et al. The current configuration of the OSTIA system for operational production of foundation sea surface temperature and ice concentration analyses. Remote Sensing 2020, 12(4): 720. 59. Yang C, Leonelli FE, Marullo S, Artale V, Beggs H, Nardelli BB, et al. Sea surface temperature intercomparison in the framework of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). Journal of Climate 2021, 34(13): 5257-5283. 60. Schlegel RW, Smit AJ. heatwaveR: A central algorithm for the detection of heatwaves and cold-spells. Journal of Open Source Software 2018, 3(27): 821. 61. Schlegel RW, Oliver EC, Hobday AJ, Smit AJ. Detecting marine heatwaves with sub-optimal data. Frontiers in Marine Science 2019, 6: 737. 62. Daly R, Smale MJ, Cowley PD, Froneman PW. Residency patterns and migration dynamics of adult bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) on the east coast of southern Africa. PloS one 2014, 9(10): e109357. 63. R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/ 64. Brunnschweiler JM. Sharksucker–shark interaction in two carcharhinid species. Marine Ecology 2006, 27(1): 89-94. 65. Stuart-Smith, R. D., Edgar, G. J., Barrett, N. S., Kininmonth, S. J., & Bates, A. E. (2015). Thermal biases and vulnerability to warming in the world's marine fauna. Nature, 528(7580), 88-92. The impacts on marine species from secular warming and heatwaves are well demonstrated, however the impacts of extreme cold events are poorly understood. Here, we link the death of organisms from 81 species to an intense cold upwelling event in the Agulhas Current, and show trends of increasing frequency and intensification of upwelling in the Agulhas Current and East Australian Current. Using electronic tagging, we illustrate potential impacts of upwelling events on the movement behaviour of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas including alterations of migratory patterns and maintenance of shallower dive profiles when transiting through upwelling cells. Increasing upwelling could result in "bait-and-switch" situations, where climate change expands subtropical species' distribution, while simultaneously exposing climate-migrants to increased risk of cold-stun/mortality events at poleward distributional limits. This shows the potential impacts of increased cold events, an understudied aspect of climate-change research, and highlights the complexities of climate change effects on marine ecosystems.

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    Authors: Guirado Pujol, Júlia;

    Recent studies show that municipal solid waste production is projected to be at a global rate of 2 billion tonnes per year, where up to 37% of this waste will be dumped in landfills (The World Bank, 2023). Using the biochemical anaerobic digestion process, Stormossen Oy is a Finnish waste management company that primarily treats biowaste and sewage sludge to produce biogas and digestate (Stormossen Oy, 2020). Whilst most of their outcomes are monetised, the sludge digestate is currently considered as waste. Through a thorough review of literature and European laws, the thesis aims to determine if sludge digestate can be treated as fertiliser. The final purpose was to assess Stormossen Oy on how they could implement a beneficial sludge digestate treatment. Therefore, the sludge digestate compounds information was provided by the company. According to Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the characteristics of an EU fertilising product must-have, the digestate from sewage sludge cannot be used as fertiliser. However, sewage sludge can be used to obtain phosphate salts and their derivates, which can be used in fertiliser manufacturing. Future studies might be conducted to look at the financial and environmental advantages of processing sewage sludge to produce precipitated phosphate salts and their derivates. Additionally, a more thorough review of legislation could determine if cooking oil could be used during the procedure. Also, a further scenario to be studied could be to pre-treat the sewage sludge to produce precipitate phosphate salts, followed by an anaerobic digestion process to produce biogas.

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    Authors: Surugiu, Romina; Apostol, Nicoleta-Elena;

    Digital Transformation, Media and Social Inequalities Bucharest, Romania, 25-26 January 2024 Call for papers Recent technological developments and transformations in media and communication require a global reflection on their effects and outcomes on society, democracy and business. The platformisation process with its institutional dimensions: data infrastructures, markets and governance (Poell, Nieborg & van Dijck, 2019) led to new business models and relationships between social, market and political actors. Journalism as an institution has been under question for over a decade or even two (Deuze, 2020) as the news industry is declining. Journalism as a profession strives to retain or regain the people’s trust. With its recent advances artificial intelligence is seen as a threat or a chance for humanity. The AI’s impact on the media and communication sector is open for debate. Is it a threat or an asset for professional practice? At the same time, the hybridisation of communication professions – roughly defined as a mixture of journalistic and public relations and advertising&marketing practices in the digital context – adds new challenges in maintaining a fair and democratic public sphere and ensuring equal access to quality information. Our focus is to foster an open academic debate on broad themes related to the outcomes of digital transformation in contemporary media and communication. We encourage contributions that adhere to the critical sociology perspective.

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    Authors: Niskanen, Iida;

    Tämän insinöörityön tavoitteena oli muodostaa erilaisia paikkatiedon käsittelyprosessiketjuja, jotka tuottavat mahdollisimman käyttövalmista aineistoa STRYK-analyysia varten. STRYK-analyysi on Kotka-Haminan seudun strategisen yleiskaavan suunnittelun ja seurannan työkalu. STRYK-analyysissa seurataan erilaisten yhdyskuntarakenteeseen liittyvien ilmiöiden muutoksia seudulla. Paikkatiedon käsittely toteutettiin Esrin ArcGIS -ympäristössä ja pääasiallisena tuotteena paikkatietoaineistojen käsittelyssä toimi työasemaohjelma ArcGIS Pro:n versio 3.0.2. Insinöörityössä keskityttiin paikkatiedon käsittelyprosessiketjujen rakentamiseen tietomalleiksi ModelBuilder -visualisointikielellä. ModelBuilder mahdollistaa prosessiketjujen toistamisen uusilla lähtötiedostoilla, joten se tuo automaattisuutta STRYK-analyysin päivittämiseen. Insinöörityön tuloksena muodostettiin kahdeksan käyttövalmista tietomallia, jotka tuottavat karttoja ja taulukoita, jotka sisällytetään vuoden 2024 STRYK-analyysistä tehtävään julkaisuun. Insinöörityössä on esitetty kaikki tietomallien rakentamiseen käytetyt ArcGIS Pro -ohjelman geoprosessointityökalut ja tutkittu niiden toimintaa ja toimivuutta. Tietomallit on todettu käyttökelpoisiksi, mutta niiden automatiikkaan jää vielä kehitettävää. The aim of this final year project was to develop various process chains of geospatial data. The aim of the process was to produce operational geospatial data as the outcome to be used in the analysis of the Kotka-Hamina regions master plan. The analysis would serve as a useful tool for the planning and monitoring the spatial structure of the region. The geospatial data processing was executed in Esri’s ArcGIS software environment, principally with ArcGIS Pro 3.0.2. desktop application. The focus of the final project was on creating geospatial data models with ModelBuilder, a visual programming language used in ArcGIS Pro. ModelBuilder supports use of the data models with new input data, which provides automatic data processing as the analysis will be updated. The final year project resulted in eight operational data models to produce maps and tables based on geospatial data. The maps and tables will be used in the analysis master plan of the Kotka-Hamina region in the year 2024. The ArcGIS Pro geoprocessing tools included in the data models are discussed in this bachelor’s thesis. The usability of the data models in ArcGIS Pro was confirmed, but data models can be improved in the future.

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    Authors: Gülez, Hakan;

    The aim of this study was to investigate the role of leadership amidst the pervasive changes brought about by digital transformation and to delineate strategies for adapting management practices within an evolving digital landscape. This research involved an extensive literature review covering leadership theories, digital transformation dynamics, and evolving management paradigms. Utilizing qualitative analysis and case studies of organizations navigating digital shifts, this study scrutinized the pivotal elements of effective leadership in the digital era. Findings underscored the significance of proactive and adaptive leadership styles that integrate technology while fostering a human-centered approach. It revealed that successful leaders prioritize innovation, agility, and strategic foresight while nurturing a culture conducive to continuous learning and adaptation. The conclusions derived from this research emphasize the crucial role of adaptive leadership in steering organizations through digital transformations. Embracing technological advancements while prioritizing human-centric values is pivotal in successfully navigating the complexities of a digitalized environment.

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    Authors: Barcelona Activa, S.A.; Generalitat de Catalunya; Universitat Oberta de Catalunya; Fundació Blanquerna;

    Aprovat entre Barcelona Activa SAU SPM, la Secretaria de Polítiques Digitals de la Generalitat de catAlunya, la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya i Fundació Blanquerna - Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport Blanquerna - Universitat Ramon Llull el 02-02-2024.

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    Authors: Suontlahti, Mika;

    Maatalousaurinkosähkö, millä tarkoitetaan yhdistettyä maankäyttöä maatalouden ja aurinkoenergian tuotantoon, on osoittautunut käyttökelpoiseksi ratkaisuksi Keski- ja Etelä-Euroopassa uusiutuvan energian tuottamiseen samalla kun se suojelee viljelykasveja lisääntyviltä äärisääilmiöiltä. Toimeksiantaja Energiequelle Oy tilasi tämän opinnäytetyön kehittääkseen aihetta ja tutkiakseen sen kannattavuutta ja toimivuutta Pohjoismaissa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia maatalousaurinkosähkön teknologian tasoa ja tarkastella aikaisempia tutkimuksia, Suomeen toteutettavissa olevaa tutkimushankkeen suunnittelua varten. Lisäksi, mallintaa tutkimusjärjestelmä käyttäen alalla yleisesti käytössä olevaa simulointi ohjelmaa ja simuloinnin tulosten perusteella arvioida alustavaa kannattavuutta sähköntuotannon kannalta. Työssä suunnitellaan ja simuloidaan kaksi erilaista maatalousaurinkosähkö tutkimusjärjestelmää, joilla on erilaiset painopisteet tutkimukselle. Työn tulokset osoittavat, että maatalousaurinkosähköjärjestelmien eri toteutuksissa on erilaisia etuja toisiinsa verrattuna. Oikein toteutettuina järjestelmät kasvattavat peltoalueen tehokkuutta ja samalla maatalouden kannattavuutta. Maatalousaurinkosähköjärjestelmät ovat laaja aihe, joiden vaikutuksista viljelykasveihin täytyy tehdä jatko tutkimuksia, jotta voidaan tehdä johtopäätöksiä toimivuudesta ja toteutettavuudesta pohjoismaissa. Agrivoltaics, the combined use of land for agriculture and solar energy production, has become a viable solution in producing renewable energy while protecting crops from increasing extreme weather events in Central and Southern Europe. Energiequelle Oy commissioned this bachelor’s thesis in order to develop the subject further and research it’s feasibility and functionality in the Nordics. The goal of this thesis was to research the state-of-the-art of agrivoltaics and to review earlier done research in order to plan a research project site for the Nordic climate of Finland. Also, the goal was to simulate the research system using industry standard PV simulation software for a preliminary feasibility analysis focusing on the perspective of electricity production. Two research sites with different research objects and designs were planned and simulated. Feasibility results reveal that different implementations of agrivoltaic systems have different benefits and advantages over the others. To add, when properly implemented, agrivoltaic systems increase the efficiency of arable land and the feasibility of agricultural practices. Agrivoltaics is a broad topic and further research on its effects on crops have to be conducted in order to draw conclusions on its functionality and feasibility in the Nordics.

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    Authors: Hojnik, Janja;

    This course material was prepared as a support for a lectures series under Global Law Programme organised by the Catholic University Leuven (Belgium), Faculty of Law and Criminology. The course dealt with EU regulatory challenges arising from the servitisation of manufacturing and the related sustainability and digitalisation process in the EU economy. Servitisation is a complex interdisciplinary concept that essentially stands for bringing together products and services. Servitization as an economic megatrend reflects consumers’ oriented business models, offering not just products to the buyers, but solutions to their problems. This solution offering is enhanced by digitalisation of the economy that makes the relationship between product-service providers and their customers easier to maintain due to various mechanisms of distant communication and monitoring. Moreover, servitisation is at the centre of the endeavours to establish a more sustainable circular economy. Adding services to products can prolong their consumption time, decrease the amount of materials needed for certain effect and improve waste management. Increasingly, however, it is clear that servitisation is not just related to environmental sustainability, but social as well. These services often require people to be performed and digital applications tend to decrease their rights as workers to the benefit of the owners of these applications. To študijsko gradivo je bilo pripravljeno kot podpora za serijo predavanj v okviru programa Global Law, ki ga je organizirala Katoliška univerza Leuven (Belgija), Fakulteta za pravo in kriminologijo. Predmet je obravnaval regulatorne izzive EU, ki izhajajo iz storitvizacije proizvodnje in s tem povezanih procesov trajnosti in digitalizacije v gospodarstvu EU. Storitvizacija je kompleksen interdisciplinarni koncept, ki v bistvu pomeni združevanje izdelkov in storitev. Storitvizacija kot ekonomski megatrend odraža k potrošnikom usmerjene poslovne modele, ki kupcem ne ponujajo le izdelkov, temveč rešitve za njihove težave. Ta ponudba rešitev je nadgrajena z digitalizacijo gospodarstva, ki omogoča lažje vzdrževanje odnosa med ponudniki izdelkov in storitev ter njihovimi kupci zaradi različnih mehanizmov oddaljenega komuniciranja in spremljanja. Poleg tega je storitvizacija v središču prizadevanj za vzpostavitev bolj trajnostnega krožnega gospodarstva. Dodajanje storitev izdelkom lahko podaljša čas njihove porabe, zmanjša količino potrebnih materialov za določen učinek in izboljša ravnanje z odpadki. Vse bolj pa je jasno, da storitvizacija ni povezana samo z okoljsko trajnostjo, ampak tudi s socialno. Te storitve pogosto zahtevajo, da jih izvajajo ljudje, digitalne aplikacije pa običajno zmanjšujejo njihove pravice delavcev v korist lastnikov teh aplikacij.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digital library of U...arrow_drop_down
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