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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: McCall, Michael T.;

    The Naval Supply Systems Command is currently conducting an information technology modernization plan. Since the 2018 National Security Strategy was released, the U.S. has been in a declared state of great power competition with China and Russia. The nexus of great power competition and NAVSUP’s modernization arrive at digital transformation. The current threat environment for the U.S. military revolves around the idea that war will occur in all domains and for NAVSUP that means that logistics for U.S. forces will be contested. To help succeed in providing warfighters with the requirements they need, digital transformation at business levels such as NAVSUP need to be successful in order to increase the lethality of U.S. forces. Digital transformation is the act of using technology to improve processes, not just modernizing components of the information technology infrastructure. Through interviews with members of companies in the emerging technology sector and with members of NAVSUP, I garnered insights that I developed into recommendations on how NAVSUP can successfully conduct a digital transformation through innovation and education. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Zick, Margaret;

    Bluetooth-capable Internet of Things devices have become prevalent within modern society and continuous connectivity has become an expectation. Recently, wearable fitness trackers have been authorized for use by service members while in uniform. The objective of this work was to determine if vulnerabilities persist in fitness trackers and if their ecosystems render them a security risk to the Department of Defense. The devices selected for this study were readily available, low-cost products, spanning several vendors. Five device models were selected from among the following vendors: Huawei, Amazfit, Garmin, and Fitbit. These devices use Bluetooth to transmit sensitive data to the paired central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two separate perspectives, through passive eavesdropping and directly from the central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two perspectives. The traffic was captured passively, using Project Ubertooth, and actively, logged on the central device, as the devices conducted pairing and various feature invocations. The resulting packet capture files were analyzed to determine vendor-specific security implementation and to determine susceptibility to attack. Three of the five devices studied, those from Huawei and Amazfit, utilized no Bluetooth security features. They did not conduct pairing and routinely operated in the most vulnerable stage of Bluetooth communication. This poses significant risk to the user. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Laird, Brittany L.;

    The Department of Defense (DOD) requires the military to provide command and control during missions in locations where terrestrial communications infrastructure is unreliable or unavailable, which results in a high reliance on satellite communications (SATCOM). This is problematic because they use and consume more digital data in the operational environment. The DOD has several forms of data capable of meeting Internet of Things (IoT) transmission parameters that could be diversified onto an IoT network. This research assesses the potential for an IoT satellite constellation in Low Earth Orbit to provide an alternative, space-based communication platform to military units while offering increased overall SATCOM capacity and resiliency. This research explores alternative IoT waveforms and compatible transceivers in place of LoRaWAN for the NPS CENETIX Ortbial-1 CubeSat. The study uses a descriptive comparative research approach to simultaneously assess several variables. Five alternative waveforms—Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Wi-sun, and Ingenu—are evaluated. NB-IoT, LTE-M, and Ingenu meet the threshold to be feasible alternatives to replace the LoRaWAN waveform in the Orbital-1 CubeSat. Six potential IoT transceivers are assessed as replacements. Two transceivers for the NB-IoT and LTE-M IoT waveforms and one transceiver from U-blox for the Ingenu waveform are assessed as compliant. Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Betts, Sean A.;

    Disaster management is a complex practice that relies on access to and the usability of critical information to develop strategies for effective decision-making. The emergence of wearable internet of things (IoT) technology has attracted the interests of several major industries, making it one of the fastest-growing technologies to date. This thesis asks, How can disaster management incorporate wearable IoT technology in operations and decision-making practices in disaster response? How IoT is applied in other prominent industries, including construction, manufacturing and distribution, the Department of Defense, and public safety, provides a basis for furthering its application to challenges affecting agency coordination. The critical needs of disaster intelligence in the context of hurricanes, structural collapses, and wildfires are scrutinized to identify gaps that wearable technology could address in terms of information-sharing in multi-agency coordination and the decision-making practices that routinely occur in disaster response. Last, the specifics of wearable technology from the perspective of the private consumer and commercial industry illustrate its potential to improve disaster response but also acknowledge certain limitations including technical capabilities and information privacy and security. Civilian, Virginia Beach Fire Department / FEMA - USAR VATF-2 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Dogum, Gregory; Jones Maia, Kristin L.; Meszaros, Michele I.; Novoa, Jonathan; +1 Authors

    This capstone project evaluated the use of blockchain technology to address a number of challenges with increasing amounts of disparate sensor data and an information-rich landscape that can quickly overwhelm effective decision-making processes. The team explored how blockchain can be used in a variety of defense applications to verify users, validate sensor data fed into artificial intelligence models, limit access to data, and provide an audit trail across the data life cycle. The team developed a conceptual design for implementing blockchain for tactical data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning applications; identified challenges and limitations involved in implementing blockchain for the tactical domain; described the benefits of blockchain for these various applications; and evaluated this project’s findings to propose future research into a wider set of blockchain applications. The team did this through the development of three use cases. One use case demonstrated the use of blockchain at the tactical edge in a “data light” information environment. The second use case explored the use of blockchain in securing medical information in the electronic health record. The third use case studied blockchain’s application in the use of multiple sensors collecting data for chemical weapons defense to support measurement and signature intelligence analysis using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Killoran, Monica L.;

    Extreme sea levels near the coast can cause severe risk to life and infrastructure, and while forecasts are improving, understanding and planning for these events remains a challenge. Sea level variability (SLV) is controlled by complex local and remote multiresolution forces that interact, excite, and evolve under the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors in the ocean and atmosphere. The magnitude and strength of connection between forcing allows for development of foundational environmental knowledge of processes influencing SLV. This study proposes a methodology that identifies the distinct spatial patterns of SLV at small scale and depicts sea-level response to atmospheric teleconnection parents. A normalized characterization process of SLV was developed and tested by using technology resources and information already available. Verification of the methodology using a proof-of-concept region, San Diego Bay, revealed that it is possible to characterize processes that are unique to each location. Additional findings suggest that an analysis of high-resolution altimetry contrasted with local measures allows for identification of distinct spatial patterns of water levels at coastal and deep-ocean regions with representation of SLV response to climatic-driven processes on a global scale. This methodology was formulated such that it can be used at other locations globally as a tool to better quantify the risks of extreme water levels. Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Didoszak, Jarema M.; Kwon, Young W.;

    NPS NRP Executive Summary Ships are continuously under attack from marine growth. This ever-present issue stems from biodiverse micro and macro marine organisms attaching and spreading along the underwater hull surface. While problematic for various reasons it is primarily an issue for Navy vessels due to the serious corrosion effects, unwanted resulting vessel noise signature, constriction of fluid flow through seawater chests, and increased penalties to fuel efficiency. The accumulation of biofoulers increases the hydrodynamic volume and hydrodynamic friction of the ship thus substantially increasing fuel consumption while robbing the ship of power and speed. Management of marine biofouling via proactive underwater ships husbandry not only has the potential to reduce the overall time a ship is in dry-dock but also mitigates these costly detractors while retaining the ship in a more ideal operational status. Aside from the millions of dollars in potential fuel cost savings across the fleet, periodic removal of biological fouling via remotely operated vehicles or through labor-intensive manual grooming methods is shown to reduce the adverse environmental impacts (e.g. CO2 emissions) over-reactive cleaning. Currently, research is underway to better understand the regional and local influence of seawater temperature and impacts associated with biodiversity on the efficacy of proactive grooming. The frequency of the periodic cleaning cycle is also being investigated via testing of submerged hull-plate specimen in multiple geographically diverse locations. This study seeks to address the effectiveness of proactive hull cleaning via further in-depth examination of reported cleaning periodicities and their effects, the applicability to various hull geometries and surface preparations, and/or unique coatings beyond those traditionally used in surface ships. In addition, the authors seek to explore the expanded use of ROV/Autonomous devices performing removal of marine growth on the hull. The correlation of cost benefits tied to recommended proactive cleaning schemes, potential ROV/Autonomous systems and their utilization as part of this periodic underwater ships husbandry approach will be explored through the development of functional relationships and documented in a summary report. Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) ASN(RDA) - Research, Development, and Acquisition This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrp Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. 

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    Authors: Horner, Douglas;

    The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER) initiative Multi-Thread Experimentation (MTX) encompasses multiple research objectives with an overarching goal of developing a general purpose UxV Networked Control System (NCS). The report includes efforts over the last four years. It started with an initial, concept demonstration conducted in San Clemente Island, CA from November 01-17, 2017 with (4) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), (2) Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) and (2) Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) supporting a Naval Special Warfare (NSW) direct action mission scenario with command and control and simulated on-call distributed fire support from a COMTHIRDFLT ship. The report describes the results and the potential and future challenges associated with fielding a UxV NCS for Department of Defense mission objectives. Department of the Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Andres, Erik S.;

    The United States and the Chinese are engaged in an artificial intelligence (AI) competition. The Chinese AI initiatives in Latin America have given it an initial advantage in the region against the United States. First, the thesis examines the Chinese broader technology initiatives and shows how the Chinese plan to use AI to gain advantages economically, politically, and militarily to become the world leader in AI. Next, the thesis examines data that shows how the Chinese have many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean that are using AI technology from Chinese companies, and that the United States has significantly fewer countries choosing its technology. Finally, the thesis explains that the United States has some advantages in AI development, but there is the potential for the United States to lose out to the Chinese in the Latin American and Caribbean market, which would negatively affect the United States' long-term national security. Therefore, the thesis argues that America should use security sector assistance to help improve Latin American and Caribbean indigenous capabilities and improve the relationships with United States private business, academia, and security institutions. The United States should implement changes so that it remains the AI partner of choice. Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Lionis, Antonios; Peppas, Konstantinos; Nistazakis, Hector E.; Tsigopoulos, Andreas; +1 Authors

    17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under temporary embargo. Free space optical communications (FSO) have the potential to substantially improve communications technology in terms of channel capacity and offer an alternative to their RF counterpart. Additional characteristics related to security, immunity, flexibility and low cost issues render FSO a reasonable candidate for military applications. FSO technology does not come without challenges. Its major issue is the local meteorological parameters that give rise to various atmospheric phenomena. The purpose of this work is to facilitate the performance prediction of an FSO communication link over a maritime environment by utilizing macroscopic meteorological parameters, i.e. air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, air pressure, dew point, solar radiation and sea temperature, obtained from point measurements. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the FSO receiver has been utilized as the performance metric of the channel and a closed form expression has been deduced. The model has then been validated against real meteorological data and the predicted RSSI values exhibited a reasonably strong correlation with the observed ones. Atmospheric turbulence has been taken into account using the Navy Surface Layer Model (NAVSLaM) to estimate the structure index parameter from the same meteorological data and thus allowed for a statistical correlation between the refractive index structure parameter and RSSI. U.S. Government affiliation is unstated in article text.

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    Optics Communications
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    Authors: McCall, Michael T.;

    The Naval Supply Systems Command is currently conducting an information technology modernization plan. Since the 2018 National Security Strategy was released, the U.S. has been in a declared state of great power competition with China and Russia. The nexus of great power competition and NAVSUP’s modernization arrive at digital transformation. The current threat environment for the U.S. military revolves around the idea that war will occur in all domains and for NAVSUP that means that logistics for U.S. forces will be contested. To help succeed in providing warfighters with the requirements they need, digital transformation at business levels such as NAVSUP need to be successful in order to increase the lethality of U.S. forces. Digital transformation is the act of using technology to improve processes, not just modernizing components of the information technology infrastructure. Through interviews with members of companies in the emerging technology sector and with members of NAVSUP, I garnered insights that I developed into recommendations on how NAVSUP can successfully conduct a digital transformation through innovation and education. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Zick, Margaret;

    Bluetooth-capable Internet of Things devices have become prevalent within modern society and continuous connectivity has become an expectation. Recently, wearable fitness trackers have been authorized for use by service members while in uniform. The objective of this work was to determine if vulnerabilities persist in fitness trackers and if their ecosystems render them a security risk to the Department of Defense. The devices selected for this study were readily available, low-cost products, spanning several vendors. Five device models were selected from among the following vendors: Huawei, Amazfit, Garmin, and Fitbit. These devices use Bluetooth to transmit sensitive data to the paired central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two separate perspectives, through passive eavesdropping and directly from the central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two perspectives. The traffic was captured passively, using Project Ubertooth, and actively, logged on the central device, as the devices conducted pairing and various feature invocations. The resulting packet capture files were analyzed to determine vendor-specific security implementation and to determine susceptibility to attack. Three of the five devices studied, those from Huawei and Amazfit, utilized no Bluetooth security features. They did not conduct pairing and routinely operated in the most vulnerable stage of Bluetooth communication. This poses significant risk to the user. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Laird, Brittany L.;

    The Department of Defense (DOD) requires the military to provide command and control during missions in locations where terrestrial communications infrastructure is unreliable or unavailable, which results in a high reliance on satellite communications (SATCOM). This is problematic because they use and consume more digital data in the operational environment. The DOD has several forms of data capable of meeting Internet of Things (IoT) transmission parameters that could be diversified onto an IoT network. This research assesses the potential for an IoT satellite constellation in Low Earth Orbit to provide an alternative, space-based communication platform to military units while offering increased overall SATCOM capacity and resiliency. This research explores alternative IoT waveforms and compatible transceivers in place of LoRaWAN for the NPS CENETIX Ortbial-1 CubeSat. The study uses a descriptive comparative research approach to simultaneously assess several variables. Five alternative waveforms—Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Wi-sun, and Ingenu—are evaluated. NB-IoT, LTE-M, and Ingenu meet the threshold to be feasible alternatives to replace the LoRaWAN waveform in the Orbital-1 CubeSat. Six potential IoT transceivers are assessed as replacements. Two transceivers for the NB-IoT and LTE-M IoT waveforms and one transceiver from U-blox for the Ingenu waveform are assessed as compliant. Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Betts, Sean A.;

    Disaster management is a complex practice that relies on access to and the usability of critical information to develop strategies for effective decision-making. The emergence of wearable internet of things (IoT) technology has attracted the interests of several major industries, making it one of the fastest-growing technologies to date. This thesis asks, How can disaster management incorporate wearable IoT technology in operations and decision-making practices in disaster response? How IoT is applied in other prominent industries, including construction, manufacturing and distribution, the Department of Defense, and public safety, provides a basis for furthering its application to challenges affecting agency coordination. The critical needs of disaster intelligence in the context of hurricanes, structural collapses, and wildfires are scrutinized to identify gaps that wearable technology could address in terms of information-sharing in multi-agency coordination and the decision-making practices that routinely occur in disaster response. Last, the specifics of wearable technology from the perspective of the private consumer and commercial industry illustrate its potential to improve disaster response but also acknowledge certain limitations including technical capabilities and information privacy and security. Civilian, Virginia Beach Fire Department / FEMA - USAR VATF-2 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Dogum, Gregory; Jones Maia, Kristin L.; Meszaros, Michele I.; Novoa, Jonathan; +1 Authors

    This capstone project evaluated the use of blockchain technology to address a number of challenges with increasing amounts of disparate sensor data and an information-rich landscape that can quickly overwhelm effective decision-making processes. The team explored how blockchain can be used in a variety of defense applications to verify users, validate sensor data fed into artificial intelligence models, limit access to data, and provide an audit trail across the data life cycle. The team developed a conceptual design for implementing blockchain for tactical data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning applications; identified challenges and limitations involved in implementing blockchain for the tactical domain; described the benefits of blockchain for these various applications; and evaluated this project’s findings to propose future research into a wider set of blockchain applications. The team did this through the development of three use cases. One use case demonstrated the use of blockchain at the tactical edge in a “data light” information environment. The second use case explored the use of blockchain in securing medical information in the electronic health record. The third use case studied blockchain’s application in the use of multiple sensors collecting data for chemical weapons defense to support measurement and signature intelligence analysis using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Killoran, Monica L.;

    Extreme sea levels near the coast can cause severe risk to life and infrastructure, and while forecasts are improving, understanding and planning for these events remains a challenge. Sea level variability (SLV) is controlled by complex local and remote multiresolution forces that interact, excite, and evolve under the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors in the ocean and atmosphere. The magnitude and strength of connection between forcing allows for development of foundational environmental knowledge of processes influencing SLV. This study proposes a methodology that identifies the distinct spatial patterns of SLV at small scale and depicts sea-level response to atmospheric teleconnection parents. A normalized characterization process of SLV was developed and tested by using technology resources and information already available. Verification of the methodology using a proof-of-concept region, San Diego Bay, revealed that it is possible to characterize processes that are unique to each location. Additional findings suggest that an analysis of high-resolution altimetry contrasted with local measures allows for identification of distinct spatial patterns of water levels at coastal and deep-ocean regions with representation of SLV response to climatic-driven processes on a global scale. This methodology was formulated such that it can be used at other locations globally as a tool to better quantify the risks of extreme water levels. Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Didoszak, Jarema M.; Kwon, Young W.;

    NPS NRP Executive Summary Ships are continuously under attack from marine growth. This ever-present issue stems from biodiverse micro and macro marine organisms attaching and spreading along the underwater hull surface. While problematic for various reasons it is primarily an issue for Navy vessels due to the serious corrosion effects, unwanted resulting vessel noise signature, constriction of fluid flow through seawater chests, and increased penalties to fuel efficiency. The accumulation of biofoulers increases the hydrodynamic volume and hydrodynamic friction of the ship thus substantially increasing fuel consumption while robbing the ship of power and speed. Management of marine biofouling via proactive underwater ships husbandry not only has the potential to reduce the overall time a ship is in dry-dock but also mitigates these costly detractors while retaining the ship in a more ideal operational status. Aside from the millions of dollars in potential fuel cost savings across the fleet, periodic removal of biological fouling via remotely operated vehicles or through labor-intensive manual grooming methods is shown to reduce the adverse environmental impacts (e.g. CO2 emissions) over-reactive cleaning. Currently, research is underway to better understand the regional and local influence of seawater temperature and impacts associated with biodiversity on the efficacy of proactive grooming. The frequency of the periodic cleaning cycle is also being investigated via testing of submerged hull-plate specimen in multiple geographically diverse locations. This study seeks to address the effectiveness of proactive hull cleaning via further in-depth examination of reported cleaning periodicities and their effects, the applicability to various hull geometries and surface preparations, and/or unique coatings beyond those traditionally used in surface ships. In addition, the authors seek to explore the expanded use of ROV/Autonomous devices performing removal of marine growth on the hull. The correlation of cost benefits tied to recommended proactive cleaning schemes, potential ROV/Autonomous systems and their utilization as part of this periodic underwater ships husbandry approach will be explored through the development of functional relationships and documented in a summary report. Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) ASN(RDA) - Research, Development, and Acquisition This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrp Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. 

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    Authors: Horner, Douglas;

    The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Consortium for Robotics and Unmanned Systems Education and Research (CRUSER) initiative Multi-Thread Experimentation (MTX) encompasses multiple research objectives with an overarching goal of developing a general purpose UxV Networked Control System (NCS). The report includes efforts over the last four years. It started with an initial, concept demonstration conducted in San Clemente Island, CA from November 01-17, 2017 with (4) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), (2) Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) and (2) Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) supporting a Naval Special Warfare (NSW) direct action mission scenario with command and control and simulated on-call distributed fire support from a COMTHIRDFLT ship. The report describes the results and the potential and future challenges associated with fielding a UxV NCS for Department of Defense mission objectives. Department of the Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Andres, Erik S.;

    The United States and the Chinese are engaged in an artificial intelligence (AI) competition. The Chinese AI initiatives in Latin America have given it an initial advantage in the region against the United States. First, the thesis examines the Chinese broader technology initiatives and shows how the Chinese plan to use AI to gain advantages economically, politically, and militarily to become the world leader in AI. Next, the thesis examines data that shows how the Chinese have many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean that are using AI technology from Chinese companies, and that the United States has significantly fewer countries choosing its technology. Finally, the thesis explains that the United States has some advantages in AI development, but there is the potential for the United States to lose out to the Chinese in the Latin American and Caribbean market, which would negatively affect the United States' long-term national security. Therefore, the thesis argues that America should use security sector assistance to help improve Latin American and Caribbean indigenous capabilities and improve the relationships with United States private business, academia, and security institutions. The United States should implement changes so that it remains the AI partner of choice. Major, United States Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Lionis, Antonios; Peppas, Konstantinos; Nistazakis, Hector E.; Tsigopoulos, Andreas; +1 Authors

    17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under temporary embargo. Free space optical communications (FSO) have the potential to substantially improve communications technology in terms of channel capacity and offer an alternative to their RF counterpart. Additional characteristics related to security, immunity, flexibility and low cost issues render FSO a reasonable candidate for military applications. FSO technology does not come without challenges. Its major issue is the local meteorological parameters that give rise to various atmospheric phenomena. The purpose of this work is to facilitate the performance prediction of an FSO communication link over a maritime environment by utilizing macroscopic meteorological parameters, i.e. air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, air pressure, dew point, solar radiation and sea temperature, obtained from point measurements. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the FSO receiver has been utilized as the performance metric of the channel and a closed form expression has been deduced. The model has then been validated against real meteorological data and the predicted RSSI values exhibited a reasonably strong correlation with the observed ones. Atmospheric turbulence has been taken into account using the Navy Surface Layer Model (NAVSLaM) to estimate the structure index parameter from the same meteorological data and thus allowed for a statistical correlation between the refractive index structure parameter and RSSI. U.S. Government affiliation is unstated in article text.

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    Optics Communications
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Optics Communications
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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