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  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Authors: Thomas von Clarmann; Norbert Glatthor; Udo Grabowski; Bernd Funke; +5 Authors

    This paper describes the error estimation for temperature and trace gas mixing ratios retrieved from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) limb emission spectra. The following error sources are taken into account: measurement noise, propagated temperature and pointing noise, uncertainties in the abundances of spectrally interfering species, instrument line shape errors, and spectroscopic data uncertainties in terms of line intensities and broadening coefficients. Furthermore, both the direct impact of volatile and persistent gain calibration uncertainties, offset calibration, and spectral calibration uncertainties, as well as their impact through propagated calibration-related temperature and pointing uncertainties, are considered. An error source specific to the MIPAS upper atmospheric observation mode is the propagation of the smoothing error crosstalk of the combined NO and temperature retrieval. Whenever non-local thermodynamic equilibrium modelling is used in the retrieval, related kinetic constants and mixing ratios of species involved in the modelling of populations of excitational states also contribute to the error budget. Both generalized Gaussian error propagation and perturbation studies are used to estimate the error components. Error correlations are taken into account. Estimated uncertainties are provided for a multitude of atmospheric conditions. Some error sources were found to contribute both to the random and the systematic component of the total estimated error. The sequential nature of the MIPAS retrievals gives rise to entangled errors. These are caused by error sources that affect the uncertainty in the final data product via multiple pathways, i.e., on the one hand, directly, and, on the other hand, via errors caused in a preceding retrieval step. These errors tend to partly compensate for each other. The hard-to-quantify effect of the horizontally non-homogeneous atmosphere and unknown error correlations of spectroscopic data are considered to be the major limitations of the MIPAS error estimation. © Author(s) 2022. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This research has been supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant no. PID2019-110689RB-I00). The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. Peer reviewed

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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    KITopen
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: KITopen
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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
      Article . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: McCall, Michael T.;

    The Naval Supply Systems Command is currently conducting an information technology modernization plan. Since the 2018 National Security Strategy was released, the U.S. has been in a declared state of great power competition with China and Russia. The nexus of great power competition and NAVSUP’s modernization arrive at digital transformation. The current threat environment for the U.S. military revolves around the idea that war will occur in all domains and for NAVSUP that means that logistics for U.S. forces will be contested. To help succeed in providing warfighters with the requirements they need, digital transformation at business levels such as NAVSUP need to be successful in order to increase the lethality of U.S. forces. Digital transformation is the act of using technology to improve processes, not just modernizing components of the information technology infrastructure. Through interviews with members of companies in the emerging technology sector and with members of NAVSUP, I garnered insights that I developed into recommendations on how NAVSUP can successfully conduct a digital transformation through innovation and education. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Zick, Margaret;

    Bluetooth-capable Internet of Things devices have become prevalent within modern society and continuous connectivity has become an expectation. Recently, wearable fitness trackers have been authorized for use by service members while in uniform. The objective of this work was to determine if vulnerabilities persist in fitness trackers and if their ecosystems render them a security risk to the Department of Defense. The devices selected for this study were readily available, low-cost products, spanning several vendors. Five device models were selected from among the following vendors: Huawei, Amazfit, Garmin, and Fitbit. These devices use Bluetooth to transmit sensitive data to the paired central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two separate perspectives, through passive eavesdropping and directly from the central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two perspectives. The traffic was captured passively, using Project Ubertooth, and actively, logged on the central device, as the devices conducted pairing and various feature invocations. The resulting packet capture files were analyzed to determine vendor-specific security implementation and to determine susceptibility to attack. Three of the five devices studied, those from Huawei and Amazfit, utilized no Bluetooth security features. They did not conduct pairing and routinely operated in the most vulnerable stage of Bluetooth communication. This poses significant risk to the user. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Laird, Brittany L.;

    The Department of Defense (DOD) requires the military to provide command and control during missions in locations where terrestrial communications infrastructure is unreliable or unavailable, which results in a high reliance on satellite communications (SATCOM). This is problematic because they use and consume more digital data in the operational environment. The DOD has several forms of data capable of meeting Internet of Things (IoT) transmission parameters that could be diversified onto an IoT network. This research assesses the potential for an IoT satellite constellation in Low Earth Orbit to provide an alternative, space-based communication platform to military units while offering increased overall SATCOM capacity and resiliency. This research explores alternative IoT waveforms and compatible transceivers in place of LoRaWAN for the NPS CENETIX Ortbial-1 CubeSat. The study uses a descriptive comparative research approach to simultaneously assess several variables. Five alternative waveforms—Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Wi-sun, and Ingenu—are evaluated. NB-IoT, LTE-M, and Ingenu meet the threshold to be feasible alternatives to replace the LoRaWAN waveform in the Orbital-1 CubeSat. Six potential IoT transceivers are assessed as replacements. Two transceivers for the NB-IoT and LTE-M IoT waveforms and one transceiver from U-blox for the Ingenu waveform are assessed as compliant. Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Betts, Sean A.;

    Disaster management is a complex practice that relies on access to and the usability of critical information to develop strategies for effective decision-making. The emergence of wearable internet of things (IoT) technology has attracted the interests of several major industries, making it one of the fastest-growing technologies to date. This thesis asks, How can disaster management incorporate wearable IoT technology in operations and decision-making practices in disaster response? How IoT is applied in other prominent industries, including construction, manufacturing and distribution, the Department of Defense, and public safety, provides a basis for furthering its application to challenges affecting agency coordination. The critical needs of disaster intelligence in the context of hurricanes, structural collapses, and wildfires are scrutinized to identify gaps that wearable technology could address in terms of information-sharing in multi-agency coordination and the decision-making practices that routinely occur in disaster response. Last, the specifics of wearable technology from the perspective of the private consumer and commercial industry illustrate its potential to improve disaster response but also acknowledge certain limitations including technical capabilities and information privacy and security. Civilian, Virginia Beach Fire Department / FEMA - USAR VATF-2 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Ridolfi; M.; Tirelli; C.; +8 Authors

    In the frame of Earth observation remote-sensing data analysis, synergistic retrieval (SR) and complete data fusion (CDF) are techniques used to exploit the complementarity of the information carried by different measurements sounding the same air mass and/or ground pixel. While more difficult to implement due to the required simultaneous access to measurements originating from different instruments, the SR method is sometimes preferred over the CDF method as the latter relies on a linear approximation of the retrieved states as functions of the true atmospheric and/or surface state. In this work, we study the performance of the SR and CDF techniques when applied to simulated measurements of the Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – New Generation (IASI-NG) missions that will be operational in a few years, from two polar-orbiting satellites. The study is based on synthetic measurements generated for the two missions in clear-sky atmospheres. The target parameters of the inversion are the vertical profiles of temperature, water vapor and ozone mixing ratios, surface temperature, and spectral emissivity. We find that for exact matching of the measurements, the results of the SR and CDF techniques differ by less than 1/10 of their errors estimated through the propagation of measurement noise. For measurements with a realistic mismatch in space and time, the two methods provide more different results. Still in this case, however, the differences between the results are within the error bars due to measurement noise. We conclude that, when applied to FORUM and IASI-NG missions, the two methods are equivalent from an accuracy point of view.

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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques; CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques; CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Dogum, Gregory; Jones Maia, Kristin L.; Meszaros, Michele I.; Novoa, Jonathan; +1 Authors

    This capstone project evaluated the use of blockchain technology to address a number of challenges with increasing amounts of disparate sensor data and an information-rich landscape that can quickly overwhelm effective decision-making processes. The team explored how blockchain can be used in a variety of defense applications to verify users, validate sensor data fed into artificial intelligence models, limit access to data, and provide an audit trail across the data life cycle. The team developed a conceptual design for implementing blockchain for tactical data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning applications; identified challenges and limitations involved in implementing blockchain for the tactical domain; described the benefits of blockchain for these various applications; and evaluated this project’s findings to propose future research into a wider set of blockchain applications. The team did this through the development of three use cases. One use case demonstrated the use of blockchain at the tactical edge in a “data light” information environment. The second use case explored the use of blockchain in securing medical information in the electronic health record. The third use case studied blockchain’s application in the use of multiple sensors collecting data for chemical weapons defense to support measurement and signature intelligence analysis using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: D. Summa; D. Summa; F. Madonna; N. Franco; +3 Authors

    This paper reports results from an inter-comparison effort involving different sensors and models used to measure the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH). The effort took place in the framework of the first Special Observing Period of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX-SOP1), with the Raman lidar system BASIL deployed in Candillargues (southern France) and operating in almost continuous mode over the time period September–November 2012. ABLH estimates were obtained based on the application of the Richardson number technique to Raman lidar and radiosonde measurements and to ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis data. In the effort we considered radiosondes launched in the proximity of the lidar site, as well as radiosondes launched from the closest radiosonde station included in the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA). The inter-comparison effort also includes ABLH measurements from the wind profiler, which rely on the turbulence method, as well as measurements obtained from elastic backscatter lidar signals. The Richardson number approach applied to the on-site radiosonde data is taken as reference. Measurements were carried out throughout the month of October 2012. The inter-comparison is extended to both daytime and night-time data. Results reveal a very good agreement between the different approaches, with values of the correlation coefficient R2 for all compared data pairs in the range 0.94–0.98. Values of the slope of the fitting line in the regression analysis are in the range 0.91–1.08 for daytime comparisons and in the range 0.95–1.03 for night-time comparisons, which testifies to the presence of the very small biases affecting all five ABLH estimates with respect to the reference ABLH estimate, with slightly smaller bias values found at night. Results also confirm that the combined application of different methods to the sensors and model data allows us to get accurate and cross-validated estimates of the ABL height in a variety of weather conditions. Correlations between the ABLH measurements and other atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic variables, such as CAPE (convective available potential energy), friction velocity and relative humidity, are also evaluated to infer possible mutual dependences.

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    Authors: S. Noël; M. Reuter; M. Buchwitz; J. Borchardt; +38 Authors

    We show new results from an updated version of the Fast atmOspheric traCe gAs retrievaL (FOCAL) retrieval method applied to measurements of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and its successor GOSAT-2. FOCAL was originally developed for estimating the total column carbon dioxide mixing ratio (XCO2) from spectral measurements made by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). However, depending on the available spectral windows, FOCAL also successfully retrieves total column amounts for other atmospheric species and their uncertainties within one single retrieval. The main focus of the current paper is on methane (XCH4; full-physics and proxy product), water vapour (XH2O) and the relative ratio of semi-heavy water (HDO) to water vapour (δD). Due to the extended spectral range of GOSAT-2, it is also possible to derive information on carbon monoxide (XCO) and nitrous oxide (XN2O) for which we also show first results. We also present an update on XCO2 from both instruments. For XCO2, the new FOCAL retrieval (v3.0) significantly increases the number of valid data compared with the previous FOCAL retrieval version (v1) by 50 % for GOSAT and about a factor of 2 for GOSAT-2 due to relaxed pre-screening and improved post-processing. All v3.0 FOCAL data products show reasonable spatial distribution and temporal variations. Comparisons with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) result in station-to-station biases which are generally in line with the reported TCCON uncertainties. With this updated version of the GOSAT-2 FOCAL data, we provide a first total column average XN2O product. Global XN2O maps show a gradient from the tropics to higher latitudes on the order of 15 ppb, which can be explained by variations in tropopause height. The new GOSAT-2 XN2O product compares well with TCCON. Its station-to-station variability is lower than 2 ppb, which is about the magnitude of the typical N2O variations close to the surface. However, both GOSAT-2 and TCCON measurements show that the seasonal variations in the total column average XN2O are on the order of 8 ppb peak-to-peak, which can be easily resolved by the GOSAT-2 FOCAL data. Noting that only few XN2O measurements from satellites exist so far, the GOSAT-2 FOCAL product will be a valuable contribution in this context. International audience

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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2022
    License: CC BY
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    KITopen
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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Authors: Killoran, Monica L.;

    Extreme sea levels near the coast can cause severe risk to life and infrastructure, and while forecasts are improving, understanding and planning for these events remains a challenge. Sea level variability (SLV) is controlled by complex local and remote multiresolution forces that interact, excite, and evolve under the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors in the ocean and atmosphere. The magnitude and strength of connection between forcing allows for development of foundational environmental knowledge of processes influencing SLV. This study proposes a methodology that identifies the distinct spatial patterns of SLV at small scale and depicts sea-level response to atmospheric teleconnection parents. A normalized characterization process of SLV was developed and tested by using technology resources and information already available. Verification of the methodology using a proof-of-concept region, San Diego Bay, revealed that it is possible to characterize processes that are unique to each location. Additional findings suggest that an analysis of high-resolution altimetry contrasted with local measures allows for identification of distinct spatial patterns of water levels at coastal and deep-ocean regions with representation of SLV response to climatic-driven processes on a global scale. This methodology was formulated such that it can be used at other locations globally as a tool to better quantify the risks of extreme water levels. Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Thomas von Clarmann; Norbert Glatthor; Udo Grabowski; Bernd Funke; +5 Authors

    This paper describes the error estimation for temperature and trace gas mixing ratios retrieved from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) limb emission spectra. The following error sources are taken into account: measurement noise, propagated temperature and pointing noise, uncertainties in the abundances of spectrally interfering species, instrument line shape errors, and spectroscopic data uncertainties in terms of line intensities and broadening coefficients. Furthermore, both the direct impact of volatile and persistent gain calibration uncertainties, offset calibration, and spectral calibration uncertainties, as well as their impact through propagated calibration-related temperature and pointing uncertainties, are considered. An error source specific to the MIPAS upper atmospheric observation mode is the propagation of the smoothing error crosstalk of the combined NO and temperature retrieval. Whenever non-local thermodynamic equilibrium modelling is used in the retrieval, related kinetic constants and mixing ratios of species involved in the modelling of populations of excitational states also contribute to the error budget. Both generalized Gaussian error propagation and perturbation studies are used to estimate the error components. Error correlations are taken into account. Estimated uncertainties are provided for a multitude of atmospheric conditions. Some error sources were found to contribute both to the random and the systematic component of the total estimated error. The sequential nature of the MIPAS retrievals gives rise to entangled errors. These are caused by error sources that affect the uncertainty in the final data product via multiple pathways, i.e., on the one hand, directly, and, on the other hand, via errors caused in a preceding retrieval step. These errors tend to partly compensate for each other. The hard-to-quantify effect of the horizontally non-homogeneous atmosphere and unknown error correlations of spectroscopic data are considered to be the major limitations of the MIPAS error estimation. © Author(s) 2022. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This research has been supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant no. PID2019-110689RB-I00). The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. Peer reviewed

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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    KITopen
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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2022
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: McCall, Michael T.;

    The Naval Supply Systems Command is currently conducting an information technology modernization plan. Since the 2018 National Security Strategy was released, the U.S. has been in a declared state of great power competition with China and Russia. The nexus of great power competition and NAVSUP’s modernization arrive at digital transformation. The current threat environment for the U.S. military revolves around the idea that war will occur in all domains and for NAVSUP that means that logistics for U.S. forces will be contested. To help succeed in providing warfighters with the requirements they need, digital transformation at business levels such as NAVSUP need to be successful in order to increase the lethality of U.S. forces. Digital transformation is the act of using technology to improve processes, not just modernizing components of the information technology infrastructure. Through interviews with members of companies in the emerging technology sector and with members of NAVSUP, I garnered insights that I developed into recommendations on how NAVSUP can successfully conduct a digital transformation through innovation and education. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Zick, Margaret;

    Bluetooth-capable Internet of Things devices have become prevalent within modern society and continuous connectivity has become an expectation. Recently, wearable fitness trackers have been authorized for use by service members while in uniform. The objective of this work was to determine if vulnerabilities persist in fitness trackers and if their ecosystems render them a security risk to the Department of Defense. The devices selected for this study were readily available, low-cost products, spanning several vendors. Five device models were selected from among the following vendors: Huawei, Amazfit, Garmin, and Fitbit. These devices use Bluetooth to transmit sensitive data to the paired central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two separate perspectives, through passive eavesdropping and directly from the central device. This Bluetooth traffic was captured from two perspectives. The traffic was captured passively, using Project Ubertooth, and actively, logged on the central device, as the devices conducted pairing and various feature invocations. The resulting packet capture files were analyzed to determine vendor-specific security implementation and to determine susceptibility to attack. Three of the five devices studied, those from Huawei and Amazfit, utilized no Bluetooth security features. They did not conduct pairing and routinely operated in the most vulnerable stage of Bluetooth communication. This poses significant risk to the user. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Laird, Brittany L.;

    The Department of Defense (DOD) requires the military to provide command and control during missions in locations where terrestrial communications infrastructure is unreliable or unavailable, which results in a high reliance on satellite communications (SATCOM). This is problematic because they use and consume more digital data in the operational environment. The DOD has several forms of data capable of meeting Internet of Things (IoT) transmission parameters that could be diversified onto an IoT network. This research assesses the potential for an IoT satellite constellation in Low Earth Orbit to provide an alternative, space-based communication platform to military units while offering increased overall SATCOM capacity and resiliency. This research explores alternative IoT waveforms and compatible transceivers in place of LoRaWAN for the NPS CENETIX Ortbial-1 CubeSat. The study uses a descriptive comparative research approach to simultaneously assess several variables. Five alternative waveforms—Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M, Wi-sun, and Ingenu—are evaluated. NB-IoT, LTE-M, and Ingenu meet the threshold to be feasible alternatives to replace the LoRaWAN waveform in the Orbital-1 CubeSat. Six potential IoT transceivers are assessed as replacements. Two transceivers for the NB-IoT and LTE-M IoT waveforms and one transceiver from U-blox for the Ingenu waveform are assessed as compliant. Lieutenant, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Betts, Sean A.;

    Disaster management is a complex practice that relies on access to and the usability of critical information to develop strategies for effective decision-making. The emergence of wearable internet of things (IoT) technology has attracted the interests of several major industries, making it one of the fastest-growing technologies to date. This thesis asks, How can disaster management incorporate wearable IoT technology in operations and decision-making practices in disaster response? How IoT is applied in other prominent industries, including construction, manufacturing and distribution, the Department of Defense, and public safety, provides a basis for furthering its application to challenges affecting agency coordination. The critical needs of disaster intelligence in the context of hurricanes, structural collapses, and wildfires are scrutinized to identify gaps that wearable technology could address in terms of information-sharing in multi-agency coordination and the decision-making practices that routinely occur in disaster response. Last, the specifics of wearable technology from the perspective of the private consumer and commercial industry illustrate its potential to improve disaster response but also acknowledge certain limitations including technical capabilities and information privacy and security. Civilian, Virginia Beach Fire Department / FEMA - USAR VATF-2 Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: Ridolfi; M.; Tirelli; C.; +8 Authors

    In the frame of Earth observation remote-sensing data analysis, synergistic retrieval (SR) and complete data fusion (CDF) are techniques used to exploit the complementarity of the information carried by different measurements sounding the same air mass and/or ground pixel. While more difficult to implement due to the required simultaneous access to measurements originating from different instruments, the SR method is sometimes preferred over the CDF method as the latter relies on a linear approximation of the retrieved states as functions of the true atmospheric and/or surface state. In this work, we study the performance of the SR and CDF techniques when applied to simulated measurements of the Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer – New Generation (IASI-NG) missions that will be operational in a few years, from two polar-orbiting satellites. The study is based on synthetic measurements generated for the two missions in clear-sky atmospheres. The target parameters of the inversion are the vertical profiles of temperature, water vapor and ozone mixing ratios, surface temperature, and spectral emissivity. We find that for exact matching of the measurements, the results of the SR and CDF techniques differ by less than 1/10 of their errors estimated through the propagation of measurement noise. For measurements with a realistic mismatch in space and time, the two methods provide more different results. Still in this case, however, the differences between the results are within the error bars due to measurement noise. We conclude that, when applied to FORUM and IASI-NG missions, the two methods are equivalent from an accuracy point of view.

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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques; CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques; CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Dogum, Gregory; Jones Maia, Kristin L.; Meszaros, Michele I.; Novoa, Jonathan; +1 Authors

    This capstone project evaluated the use of blockchain technology to address a number of challenges with increasing amounts of disparate sensor data and an information-rich landscape that can quickly overwhelm effective decision-making processes. The team explored how blockchain can be used in a variety of defense applications to verify users, validate sensor data fed into artificial intelligence models, limit access to data, and provide an audit trail across the data life cycle. The team developed a conceptual design for implementing blockchain for tactical data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning applications; identified challenges and limitations involved in implementing blockchain for the tactical domain; described the benefits of blockchain for these various applications; and evaluated this project’s findings to propose future research into a wider set of blockchain applications. The team did this through the development of three use cases. One use case demonstrated the use of blockchain at the tactical edge in a “data light” information environment. The second use case explored the use of blockchain in securing medical information in the electronic health record. The third use case studied blockchain’s application in the use of multiple sensors collecting data for chemical weapons defense to support measurement and signature intelligence analysis using artificial intelligence and machine learning. Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Civilian, Department of the Army Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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    Authors: D. Summa; D. Summa; F. Madonna; N. Franco; +3 Authors

    This paper reports results from an inter-comparison effort involving different sensors and models used to measure the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH). The effort took place in the framework of the first Special Observing Period of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX-SOP1), with the Raman lidar system BASIL deployed in Candillargues (southern France) and operating in almost continuous mode over the time period September–November 2012. ABLH estimates were obtained based on the application of the Richardson number technique to Raman lidar and radiosonde measurements and to ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis data. In the effort we considered radiosondes launched in the proximity of the lidar site, as well as radiosondes launched from the closest radiosonde station included in the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA). The inter-comparison effort also includes ABLH measurements from the wind profiler, which rely on the turbulence method, as well as measurements obtained from elastic backscatter lidar signals. The Richardson number approach applied to the on-site radiosonde data is taken as reference. Measurements were carried out throughout the month of October 2012. The inter-comparison is extended to both daytime and night-time data. Results reveal a very good agreement between the different approaches, with values of the correlation coefficient R2 for all compared data pairs in the range 0.94–0.98. Values of the slope of the fitting line in the regression analysis are in the range 0.91–1.08 for daytime comparisons and in the range 0.95–1.03 for night-time comparisons, which testifies to the presence of the very small biases affecting all five ABLH estimates with respect to the reference ABLH estimate, with slightly smaller bias values found at night. Results also confirm that the combined application of different methods to the sensors and model data allows us to get accurate and cross-validated estimates of the ABL height in a variety of weather conditions. Correlations between the ABLH measurements and other atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic variables, such as CAPE (convective available potential energy), friction velocity and relative humidity, are also evaluated to infer possible mutual dependences.

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    Authors: S. Noël; M. Reuter; M. Buchwitz; J. Borchardt; +38 Authors

    We show new results from an updated version of the Fast atmOspheric traCe gAs retrievaL (FOCAL) retrieval method applied to measurements of the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and its successor GOSAT-2. FOCAL was originally developed for estimating the total column carbon dioxide mixing ratio (XCO2) from spectral measurements made by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2). However, depending on the available spectral windows, FOCAL also successfully retrieves total column amounts for other atmospheric species and their uncertainties within one single retrieval. The main focus of the current paper is on methane (XCH4; full-physics and proxy product), water vapour (XH2O) and the relative ratio of semi-heavy water (HDO) to water vapour (δD). Due to the extended spectral range of GOSAT-2, it is also possible to derive information on carbon monoxide (XCO) and nitrous oxide (XN2O) for which we also show first results. We also present an update on XCO2 from both instruments. For XCO2, the new FOCAL retrieval (v3.0) significantly increases the number of valid data compared with the previous FOCAL retrieval version (v1) by 50 % for GOSAT and about a factor of 2 for GOSAT-2 due to relaxed pre-screening and improved post-processing. All v3.0 FOCAL data products show reasonable spatial distribution and temporal variations. Comparisons with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) result in station-to-station biases which are generally in line with the reported TCCON uncertainties. With this updated version of the GOSAT-2 FOCAL data, we provide a first total column average XN2O product. Global XN2O maps show a gradient from the tropics to higher latitudes on the order of 15 ppb, which can be explained by variations in tropopause height. The new GOSAT-2 XN2O product compares well with TCCON. Its station-to-station variability is lower than 2 ppb, which is about the magnitude of the typical N2O variations close to the surface. However, both GOSAT-2 and TCCON measurements show that the seasonal variations in the total column average XN2O are on the order of 8 ppb peak-to-peak, which can be easily resolved by the GOSAT-2 FOCAL data. Noting that only few XN2O measurements from satellites exist so far, the GOSAT-2 FOCAL product will be a valuable contribution in this context. International audience

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    https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
    Article . 2022
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    KITopen
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    Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/100...
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      Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
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    Authors: Killoran, Monica L.;

    Extreme sea levels near the coast can cause severe risk to life and infrastructure, and while forecasts are improving, understanding and planning for these events remains a challenge. Sea level variability (SLV) is controlled by complex local and remote multiresolution forces that interact, excite, and evolve under the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors in the ocean and atmosphere. The magnitude and strength of connection between forcing allows for development of foundational environmental knowledge of processes influencing SLV. This study proposes a methodology that identifies the distinct spatial patterns of SLV at small scale and depicts sea-level response to atmospheric teleconnection parents. A normalized characterization process of SLV was developed and tested by using technology resources and information already available. Verification of the methodology using a proof-of-concept region, San Diego Bay, revealed that it is possible to characterize processes that are unique to each location. Additional findings suggest that an analysis of high-resolution altimetry contrasted with local measures allows for identification of distinct spatial patterns of water levels at coastal and deep-ocean regions with representation of SLV response to climatic-driven processes on a global scale. This methodology was formulated such that it can be used at other locations globally as a tool to better quantify the risks of extreme water levels. Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

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