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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Umborg, Rauno;

    Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks on uurida võimalust luua targa kodu süsteemi lahendus, mis ei sõltu olemasolevast infrastruktuurist. Töö käigus koostatakse operatsioonisüsteemi Android rakendus, kasutaja arvutis jooksev keskserver programmeerimiskeeles Python ja disainitakse ning luuakse rulookardinat keriv seade, mida rakendusest seejärel juhtida saab. Töös kirjeldatakse komponentide valiku põhimõtteid, tuuakse välja nende eelised ja puudused valitud ning alternatiivsete võimalike lahenduste vahel.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ligi, Martin;

    Knowing the quality of different waterbodies has been essential for human kind for thousands of years. There are two main European Union’s documents guiding the status assessment of water bodies: Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Both of these documents state that all waterbodies in the European Union have to achieve “good” status by the year 2020. In order to fulfil this requirement, water bodies have to be monitored in regular bases. It is impossible to collect laboratory samples from every waterbody as it would be too expensive and would require many workers and still wouldn’t provide information about the spatial distribution of water quality parameters within each waterbody. Optical instruments can provide data fast and over larger areas and therefore have to be included in the monitoring programs. In addition to devices used at the in situ measurements are several satellite products that are available through Copernicus program for the coming decades. These products must, however, be constantly validated with in situ measurements. Additionally, new calculation methods have to be developed to improve the results precision. During this thesis, the variability of optical properties (like absorption and scattering) was assessed in the Baltic Sea. It was studied how much this variability influences the reflectance signal that reaches water remote sensing instruments. The performance of different set-ups and protocols of field spectrometers to collect reflectance data was assessed. The possibility to use near-infrared part of the spectrum in water remote sensing was investigated. In extreme absorbing lakes this is the only part of radiation providing us information about the water properties, but it proved to be useful also in other waterbodies. The performance of many remote sensing algorithms in retrieving water quality parameters in the Baltic Sea was tested. The possible applications for hand-held spectrometers were investigated. Veekogude kvaliteedi hindamine on inimkonnale oluline olnud juba tuhandeid aastaid ja viimastel aastakümnetel on rohkem tähelepanu hakatud pöörama ka veekogude ökoloogilisele seisundile. Euroopas on veekogude kvaliteedi hindamise aluseks kaks dokumenti: Euroopa Liidu Vee Raamdirektiiv ja Euroopa Liidu Merestrateegia Raamdirektiiv. Mõlemad dokumendid sätestavad, et aastaks 2020 tuleb Euroopa Liidu veekogudes saavutada „hea“ seisund. Nende eesmärkide täitmiseks tuleb regulaarselt veekogude seisundit seirata. Kuivõrd kõikidelt veekogudelt veeproovide võtmine ja laboris analüüsimine ei ole võimalik (liigne raha ja tööjõukulu) ning lisaks ei anna sellised proovid ülevaadet veekogu seisundi parameetrite ruumilise jaotuse kohta tuleb appi võtta optilised instrumendid. Lisaks välitöödel kasutatavale optikale on Copernicus programmi raames järgnevatel aastakümnetel kättesaadav ka mitu erinevat satelliiditulemit. Nende tulemite kasutamiseks peab aga pidevalt nende täpsust hindama ja leidma täpsemaid arvutusmeetmeid, mis sobiksid konkreetsete parameetrite hindamiseks. Töö käigus tõestati, et vee optilised omadused, nagu neeldumine ja hajumine, varieeruvad Läänemere rannikuosas rohkem, kui on variatsioon ranniku ja mere keskosa vahel. Lisaks absoluutväärtuste erinevusele tuvastati ka spektraalse kuju muutusi eri piirkondade vahel. Tõestati, et elektromagnetkiirguse lähisinfrapuna piirkonda saab rakendada veekogude seires (tavaliselt eeldatakse, et selles spektripiirkonnas on veest tulev signaal null) ja eriti on see kasulik ohtralt lahustunud orgaanikat sisaldavate järvede seires. Testiti ja pakuti välja sobivaid kaugseire algoritme Läänemere vee kvaliteedi parameetrite hindamiseks. Analüüsiti erinevate spektromeetrite tulemuste varieeruvust ja leiti, et mõõtmisprotokolli korrektsel jälgimisel on erinevate sensorite tulemused küll erinevad, ent seire teostamiseks piisavalt sarnased. Lõpetuseks uuriti, millised on erinevate käsispektromeetrite potentsiaalsed rakendused. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Hunt, Kristian;

    Aldebaran Roboticsi arendatud NAO humanoidrobotit kasutatakse jalgpallurina RoboCup võistlusel Standard Platform League, kus kõik robotid on sama riistvaraga ja erinevad ainult tarkvara poolest. RoboCup võistluse eesmärk on populariseerida robootikat ja intellektitehnikat. Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli arendada välja RoboCup SPL 2014. aastal toimuva võistluse nõuetele vastav jalgpallitarkvara käitumisloogika, mis põhineb Texase Ülikooli võistkonna UT Austin Villa 2012. aastal avalikustatud koodil. Töö käigus uuriti Austin Villa koodi ja teiste meeskondade lahendusi, sooritati testid roboti vastupidavuse ja objektituvastuse piiride teada saamiseks ning loodi 2014. aasta võistluse reeglitele vastav käitumisstrateegia, mida on robotitel kasulik kasutada siis, kui robotitevaheline ühendus on katkenud. Loodud strateegias on robotid jagatud tsoonidesse ning kui pall on roboti tsoonis, siis lüüakse see vastase värava suunas. Kui pall ei ole mängija tsoonis, siis liigub ta vastavalt palli asukohale kindlaks määratud staatilistesse punktidesse väljakul. Töö valmis koostöös Philosopheri meeskonnaga, kes osaleb juulis 2014 Brasiilias toimuval RoboCup võistlusel. Vastavalt võistkonna eesmärkidele propageeriti robootikat Eestis ning sooritati demonstratsioone Robotexil 2013, FIRST® LEGO® League Eesti ja Läti poolfinaalis 2013 ja RoboMiku Lahingus 2014. Töö lõpus pakuti välja lahenduse idee, kuidas loodud individuaalstrateegiat muuta meeskondlikuks strateegiaks.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kuusk, Joel;

    Vegetation influences the whole ecosystem and climate. Its research and monitoring has therefore always been one of the most important fields of remote sensing. The spread of Earth observation satellites at the second half of the 20th century has dramatically expanded the possibilities for remote sensing. To extract some useful information from the measured data, it is necessary to understand how the measured signal is formed and what affects it. Radiative transfer models represent our perception of photon transport in vegetation canopies. They can simulate how the incident solar radiation is absorbed and scattered by forests, depending on the vegetation structure and optical properties. Ground truth data is needed for developing the models. By comparing the measured and modelled data, it is possible to validate and improve the model. Top-of-canopy reflectance measurements can also be used for validating the atmospheric correction of satellite images and for vicarious calibration of satellite sensors. The aim of this study was designing an autonomous spectrometer system suitable for measuring the top-of-canopy reflectance of forests from a lightweight carrier, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In the course of this study the UAVSpec-series spectrometer systems have been designed and built. Since 2006 the top-of-canopy spectral directional reflectance of forest stands has been measured every summer in the Järvselja Training and Experimental Forestry District of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. Dark signal temperature dependence and instrument function of the spectrometers were determined in the laboratory. In order to guarantee the metrological quality of spectroscopic measurements, these parameters are taken into account in the data processing workflow. Vegetation radiative transfer models need many input parameters which are not measured during ordinary forest inventories. Therefore, an exhaustive dataset was compiled for three 1-hectare stands in Järvselja. The forest reflectance model FRT developed at the Tartu Observatory was used for modelling the reflectance of these stands and the results were compared with the measured data. A detailed workflow description was proposed for processing satellite imagery and calibrating satellite sensors. Taimestik mõjutab kogu ökosüsteemi ja kliimat. Selle uurimine ja jälgimine on seetõtu olnud läbi aegade kaugseire üks olulisemaid valdkondi. Kaugseiresatelliitide levik 20. sajandi teisest poolest alates on oluliselt laiendanud kaugseire võimalusi. Et mõõdetud andmetest mingit sisulist infot eraldada, on vaja aru saada, kuidas mõõdetav signaal moodustub ja mis seda mõjutab. Taimkatte kiirguslevimudelid hõlmavadki endas seda teadmiste baasi. Nad võimaldavad arvutada, kuidas metsale langev päikesekiirgus neeldub ja hajub olenevalt taimkatte struktuurist ja optilistest omadustest. Mudelite arendamiseks on vaja mõõtmistulemusi reaalsest elust, et neid saaks võrrelda modelleeritud andmetega ning erinevuse korral mudelit parandada. Samuti saab atmosfäärialuste mõõtmiste abil kontrollida ja vajadusel parandada satelliidipildi atmosfäärikorrektsiooni ja satelliidisensori kalibratsioonikoefitsiente. Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks oli välja töötada ning valmistada sobilik aparatuur metsade atmosfäärialuse spektraalse peegelduskoefitsiendi mõõtmiseks ja reaalsete mõõtmiste läbiviimine. Töö käigus on valminud spektromeetrite seeria UAVSpec. Alates 2006. aastast on igal suvel Eesti Maaülikooli Järvselja Katse- ja Õppemetskonnas mõõdetud mehitatud helikopterilt metsade spektraalset heledust. Algusest peale on silmas peetud võimalust kasutada UAVSpec spektromeetrite kandurina mehitamata lennuvahendit, mistõttu on spektromeetrid disainitud täisautonoomsed ning piisavalt väiksed ja kerged. Spektromeetrite olulisemad omadused parametriseeriti laborimõõtmiste põhjal ning koostati algoritmid registreeritud signaalide radiomeetriliseks korrektsiooniks. Taimkatte kiirguslevimudelid vajavad väga suurt hulka sisendparameetreid, mida tavapärase metsa takseerimise käigus ei mõõdeta. Seetõttu koostati mahukas andmekogum kolme 1-hektarilise puistu kohta. Tartu Observatooriumis väljatöötatud metsa peegeldusmudeliga FRT simuleeriti nende puistute peegeldusspektreid ning võrreldi neid mõõtmistulemustega. Pakuti välja põhjalik protsessikirjeldus atmosfäärialuste tugimõõtmiste toel satelliidipiltide töötlemiseks ja satelliitsensorite kalibratsiooniks. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Pihlap, Meelis;

    Robots enable us to operate in hazardous or otherwise unvisitable environments such as mines, fires and radioactive environments. TeMoto, which is built upon the Robotics Operating System (ROS), makes it easier to develop scalable, manageable and reliable software for robotics systems. TeMoto needs functionalities to represent the environment in order to support development of robot systems that are aware of their surroundings. The aim of this work is to plan and design a framework for working with environment models, enable robots to synchronize the environment data, create an environment model to match the framework and test the system in a real world scenario. This was achieved by implementing data structures representing objects and rooms/spaces in the, designing an abstract interface to work with the data structures and implementing the interface to create a corresponding environment model. The work resulted in a functional system and infrastructure, which allows sharing semantic and topological data between robots, which was demonstrated in a trash collecting mission featuring a heterogeneous multi-robot system. The implemented framework lays a foundation for use of environment models in TeMoto, which allows designing robot systems that interact with the world in a meaningful way. Eesti keeles: Robotid võimaldavad töötada eluohtlikes keskkondades või muul moel ligipääsmatutel aladel nagu näiteks kaevandustes, tulekahjude kustutamisel ja radioaktiivsetes keskkondades. Hõlbustamaks inimene-robot ja robot-robot koostöösüsteemide tarkvaraarendust on loodud robotite operatsioonisüsteemil (ROS) põhinev tarkvararaamistik TeMoto. TeMotol on vaja keskkonna esitamise funktsionaalsusi, et oleks võimalik arendada robotisüsteeme, mis on keskkonnast teadlikud. Töö eesmärgiks oli kavandada ja luua TeMoto arhitektuuris raamistik keskkonnamudelitega töötamiseks, luua funktsionaalsus keskkonnamudelite sünkroniseerimiseks TeMoto instantside vahel, pakkuda keskkonnamudel ja testida süsteemi reaalses stsenaariumis. Töö tulemusena valmis terviklik süsteem ja infrastruktuur, millega saab edukalt jagada semantilist ja topoloogilist informatsiooni mitme roboti vahel ja seda demonstreeriti heterogeense mitme roboti süsteemiga läbi viidud otsingumissiooni näitel. Implementeeritud TeMoto keskkonnamudeli raamistik paneb aluse keskkonnamudelite kasutusele TeMoto arhitektuuris, mis võimaldab TeMoto abil arendada keskkonnaga mõtestatult tegutsevaid robotsüsteeme.

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    Authors: Lillipuu, Epp Maria;

    Arbuskulaar-mükoriissed (AM) seened aitavad taimedel mullast toitaineid omastada, pakuvad kaitset stressi vastu ning parandavad mulla struktuuri. Tavapõllumajanduse praktikad mõjuvad AM seenekooslustele negatiivselt. AM seeni sisaldavaid inokulaate kasutades soovitakse inokulatsiooniga taimede kasvu ja saagist parandada, kuid inokulaate uurinud tööd on leidnud nende efektiivsuse kohta vastakaid tulemusi. Oma magistritöös uurin potikatses 11 tööstusliku inokulaadi võimet taimejuuri koloniseerida, neis sisalduvate AM seente ja muude mikroorganismide mõju taime biomassile ning tootekirjelduses olevate AM seeneliikide vastavust tegelikule koostisele. Leidsin, et vaid kaks inokulaati tekitasid taimedel juurte kolonisatsiooni ning inokulaatides olevate AM seened ja muud mikroorganismid ei omanud olulist positiivset mõju taimede biomassidele. Inokulaate sekveneerides tuli välja, et tootekirjelduses olevad AM seene liigid ei vasta suures osas neist leitud liikidele ning mitmes tootes oli AM seeni väga vähe või puudusid nad sootuks. Seega tuleks AM seeni sisaldavate inokulaatide tulemuslikuks rakendamiseks pöörata senisest suuremat tähelepanu inokulaatide kvaliteedikontrollile.

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    Authors: Hallist, Martin;

    Eesti keeles: Robootika kiire areng toob kaasa vajaduse tarkadeks robotiteks. Veel ei ole loodud lahendust, mis oleks sama kohanemisvõimeline kui inimene. Seepärast on praegune parim lahendus luua vahendid inimeste ning robotite koostööks. Paraku ei kasutata potentsiaali piisavalt ära ning paljud robotite juhtimissüsteemid on kohmakad ning ebamugavad. See motiveerib looma süsteemi, mida oleks kerge ja mugav juhtida. Lõputöö keskendub teiste sarnaste lahenduste ning vajalike töövahendite tutvustamisele. Peamiseks nõudeks on manipulaatori vaba liikumine. Selle tulemusena valmis kaugjuhtimise lahendus, kus robotmanipulaator liigub vastavalt käte liikumiskiirusele ning pöördenurgale. In English: The rapid development of robotics raises the need for smart robots. There are no solutions yet that are as adaptable as a human beings. Thus, the current best solution is to create solutions for collaborations of humans and robots. Unfortunately a lot of potential is wasted, making controlling systems awkward and aggravating. It gives motivation to create a system that is easy and comfortable to maneuver. The bachelor’s thesis focuses on other similar solutions and gives an overview about used tools and modules. The main requirement is free movement of a manipulator. As the result, the teleoperation solution is made, where the robot manipulator moves according to the speed of movement of the hands and follows the angle of rotation.

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    Authors: Kustavus, Allan;

    Autonomous robots are utilized in a wide range of domains, combining a large number of resources like sensors, actuators and algorithms to form a self-acting robotic system. Tools, such as ROS and TeMoto, have been developed to allow for handling and managing of resources composing such systems. While TeMoto is meant to handle dynamic and changing situations the current implementation of its Resource Registrar, a core TeMoto component tasked with allocating, deallocating and tracking of resources, is tightly coupled to ROS, making it difficult to modify and improve. As a result of this thesis, the Resource Registrar (RR) of TeMoto was completely redesigned to be extendable to other robotic middleware, such as ROS2, and to improve TeMoto’s robustness with features, e.g., full recovery of the RR, that were unattainable with the previous design.

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    Authors: Hartmann, Dennis;
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    Authors: Julle, Kätriin;

    Eesti keeles: Mobiilne robot KUKA youBot on oma funktsionaalsuselt päevakajaline nii teaduse kui õppetöö eesmärkidel, sest tegu on omniliikuva mobiilse manipulaatoriga. Ent roboti pardaarvuti (Intel Atom D510 Dual Core 1.66 GHz, 2 GB DDR2 RAM) on vananenud ja tootja poolt toetatud tarkvara (ROS Indigo ja Ubuntu 14.04) aegunud. Seetõttu oleks vajalik robot ajakohastada nii, et seda saaks kasutada kaasaegsetes lahendustes. Roboti ajakohastamiseks asendati KUKA youBoti pardaarvuti Intel NUCiga (Intel Core i5-4250U, 4 GB DDR3 RAM) ja paigaldati ROS Kinetic ning Ubuntu 16.04. Riistvara ja tarkvara uuendamise tulemusena tõusis KUKA youBoti pardaarvuti jõudlus. Suurim muutus toimus manipulaatori liigutusplaneerimisele kulunud ajas, mis vähenes enam kui 100 korda. In English: Mobile robot KUKA youBot is functionally relevant in research and education purposes because it is a omnidirectional mobile manipulator. But the robot’s onboard computer (Intel Atom D510 Dual Core 1.66 GHz, 2 GB DDR2 RAM) and the software the manufacturer supports (ROS Indigo and Ubuntu 16.04) are out of date. For that reason the robot needs to be brought up to date so it could be used in modern solutions. To bring the robot up to date, KUKA youBot’s onboard computer was replaced with Intel NUC (Intel Core i5-4250U, 4 GB DDR3 RAM) and ROS Kinetic and Ubuntu 16.04 were installed. As a result of upgrading The hardware and software, KUKA youBot’s performance increased. The biggest change could be seen in the manipulator’s movement planning time, where it decreased more than a 100 times.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Umborg, Rauno;

    Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks on uurida võimalust luua targa kodu süsteemi lahendus, mis ei sõltu olemasolevast infrastruktuurist. Töö käigus koostatakse operatsioonisüsteemi Android rakendus, kasutaja arvutis jooksev keskserver programmeerimiskeeles Python ja disainitakse ning luuakse rulookardinat keriv seade, mida rakendusest seejärel juhtida saab. Töös kirjeldatakse komponentide valiku põhimõtteid, tuuakse välja nende eelised ja puudused valitud ning alternatiivsete võimalike lahenduste vahel.

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    Authors: Ligi, Martin;

    Knowing the quality of different waterbodies has been essential for human kind for thousands of years. There are two main European Union’s documents guiding the status assessment of water bodies: Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Both of these documents state that all waterbodies in the European Union have to achieve “good” status by the year 2020. In order to fulfil this requirement, water bodies have to be monitored in regular bases. It is impossible to collect laboratory samples from every waterbody as it would be too expensive and would require many workers and still wouldn’t provide information about the spatial distribution of water quality parameters within each waterbody. Optical instruments can provide data fast and over larger areas and therefore have to be included in the monitoring programs. In addition to devices used at the in situ measurements are several satellite products that are available through Copernicus program for the coming decades. These products must, however, be constantly validated with in situ measurements. Additionally, new calculation methods have to be developed to improve the results precision. During this thesis, the variability of optical properties (like absorption and scattering) was assessed in the Baltic Sea. It was studied how much this variability influences the reflectance signal that reaches water remote sensing instruments. The performance of different set-ups and protocols of field spectrometers to collect reflectance data was assessed. The possibility to use near-infrared part of the spectrum in water remote sensing was investigated. In extreme absorbing lakes this is the only part of radiation providing us information about the water properties, but it proved to be useful also in other waterbodies. The performance of many remote sensing algorithms in retrieving water quality parameters in the Baltic Sea was tested. The possible applications for hand-held spectrometers were investigated. Veekogude kvaliteedi hindamine on inimkonnale oluline olnud juba tuhandeid aastaid ja viimastel aastakümnetel on rohkem tähelepanu hakatud pöörama ka veekogude ökoloogilisele seisundile. Euroopas on veekogude kvaliteedi hindamise aluseks kaks dokumenti: Euroopa Liidu Vee Raamdirektiiv ja Euroopa Liidu Merestrateegia Raamdirektiiv. Mõlemad dokumendid sätestavad, et aastaks 2020 tuleb Euroopa Liidu veekogudes saavutada „hea“ seisund. Nende eesmärkide täitmiseks tuleb regulaarselt veekogude seisundit seirata. Kuivõrd kõikidelt veekogudelt veeproovide võtmine ja laboris analüüsimine ei ole võimalik (liigne raha ja tööjõukulu) ning lisaks ei anna sellised proovid ülevaadet veekogu seisundi parameetrite ruumilise jaotuse kohta tuleb appi võtta optilised instrumendid. Lisaks välitöödel kasutatavale optikale on Copernicus programmi raames järgnevatel aastakümnetel kättesaadav ka mitu erinevat satelliiditulemit. Nende tulemite kasutamiseks peab aga pidevalt nende täpsust hindama ja leidma täpsemaid arvutusmeetmeid, mis sobiksid konkreetsete parameetrite hindamiseks. Töö käigus tõestati, et vee optilised omadused, nagu neeldumine ja hajumine, varieeruvad Läänemere rannikuosas rohkem, kui on variatsioon ranniku ja mere keskosa vahel. Lisaks absoluutväärtuste erinevusele tuvastati ka spektraalse kuju muutusi eri piirkondade vahel. Tõestati, et elektromagnetkiirguse lähisinfrapuna piirkonda saab rakendada veekogude seires (tavaliselt eeldatakse, et selles spektripiirkonnas on veest tulev signaal null) ja eriti on see kasulik ohtralt lahustunud orgaanikat sisaldavate järvede seires. Testiti ja pakuti välja sobivaid kaugseire algoritme Läänemere vee kvaliteedi parameetrite hindamiseks. Analüüsiti erinevate spektromeetrite tulemuste varieeruvust ja leiti, et mõõtmisprotokolli korrektsel jälgimisel on erinevate sensorite tulemused küll erinevad, ent seire teostamiseks piisavalt sarnased. Lõpetuseks uuriti, millised on erinevate käsispektromeetrite potentsiaalsed rakendused. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Hunt, Kristian;

    Aldebaran Roboticsi arendatud NAO humanoidrobotit kasutatakse jalgpallurina RoboCup võistlusel Standard Platform League, kus kõik robotid on sama riistvaraga ja erinevad ainult tarkvara poolest. RoboCup võistluse eesmärk on populariseerida robootikat ja intellektitehnikat. Käesoleva bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli arendada välja RoboCup SPL 2014. aastal toimuva võistluse nõuetele vastav jalgpallitarkvara käitumisloogika, mis põhineb Texase Ülikooli võistkonna UT Austin Villa 2012. aastal avalikustatud koodil. Töö käigus uuriti Austin Villa koodi ja teiste meeskondade lahendusi, sooritati testid roboti vastupidavuse ja objektituvastuse piiride teada saamiseks ning loodi 2014. aasta võistluse reeglitele vastav käitumisstrateegia, mida on robotitel kasulik kasutada siis, kui robotitevaheline ühendus on katkenud. Loodud strateegias on robotid jagatud tsoonidesse ning kui pall on roboti tsoonis, siis lüüakse see vastase värava suunas. Kui pall ei ole mängija tsoonis, siis liigub ta vastavalt palli asukohale kindlaks määratud staatilistesse punktidesse väljakul. Töö valmis koostöös Philosopheri meeskonnaga, kes osaleb juulis 2014 Brasiilias toimuval RoboCup võistlusel. Vastavalt võistkonna eesmärkidele propageeriti robootikat Eestis ning sooritati demonstratsioone Robotexil 2013, FIRST® LEGO® League Eesti ja Läti poolfinaalis 2013 ja RoboMiku Lahingus 2014. Töö lõpus pakuti välja lahenduse idee, kuidas loodud individuaalstrateegiat muuta meeskondlikuks strateegiaks.

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    Authors: Kuusk, Joel;

    Vegetation influences the whole ecosystem and climate. Its research and monitoring has therefore always been one of the most important fields of remote sensing. The spread of Earth observation satellites at the second half of the 20th century has dramatically expanded the possibilities for remote sensing. To extract some useful information from the measured data, it is necessary to understand how the measured signal is formed and what affects it. Radiative transfer models represent our perception of photon transport in vegetation canopies. They can simulate how the incident solar radiation is absorbed and scattered by forests, depending on the vegetation structure and optical properties. Ground truth data is needed for developing the models. By comparing the measured and modelled data, it is possible to validate and improve the model. Top-of-canopy reflectance measurements can also be used for validating the atmospheric correction of satellite images and for vicarious calibration of satellite sensors. The aim of this study was designing an autonomous spectrometer system suitable for measuring the top-of-canopy reflectance of forests from a lightweight carrier, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In the course of this study the UAVSpec-series spectrometer systems have been designed and built. Since 2006 the top-of-canopy spectral directional reflectance of forest stands has been measured every summer in the Järvselja Training and Experimental Forestry District of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. Dark signal temperature dependence and instrument function of the spectrometers were determined in the laboratory. In order to guarantee the metrological quality of spectroscopic measurements, these parameters are taken into account in the data processing workflow. Vegetation radiative transfer models need many input parameters which are not measured during ordinary forest inventories. Therefore, an exhaustive dataset was compiled for three 1-hectare stands in Järvselja. The forest reflectance model FRT developed at the Tartu Observatory was used for modelling the reflectance of these stands and the results were compared with the measured data. A detailed workflow description was proposed for processing satellite imagery and calibrating satellite sensors. Taimestik mõjutab kogu ökosüsteemi ja kliimat. Selle uurimine ja jälgimine on seetõtu olnud läbi aegade kaugseire üks olulisemaid valdkondi. Kaugseiresatelliitide levik 20. sajandi teisest poolest alates on oluliselt laiendanud kaugseire võimalusi. Et mõõdetud andmetest mingit sisulist infot eraldada, on vaja aru saada, kuidas mõõdetav signaal moodustub ja mis seda mõjutab. Taimkatte kiirguslevimudelid hõlmavadki endas seda teadmiste baasi. Nad võimaldavad arvutada, kuidas metsale langev päikesekiirgus neeldub ja hajub olenevalt taimkatte struktuurist ja optilistest omadustest. Mudelite arendamiseks on vaja mõõtmistulemusi reaalsest elust, et neid saaks võrrelda modelleeritud andmetega ning erinevuse korral mudelit parandada. Samuti saab atmosfäärialuste mõõtmiste abil kontrollida ja vajadusel parandada satelliidipildi atmosfäärikorrektsiooni ja satelliidisensori kalibratsioonikoefitsiente. Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks oli välja töötada ning valmistada sobilik aparatuur metsade atmosfäärialuse spektraalse peegelduskoefitsiendi mõõtmiseks ja reaalsete mõõtmiste läbiviimine. Töö käigus on valminud spektromeetrite seeria UAVSpec. Alates 2006. aastast on igal suvel Eesti Maaülikooli Järvselja Katse- ja Õppemetskonnas mõõdetud mehitatud helikopterilt metsade spektraalset heledust. Algusest peale on silmas peetud võimalust kasutada UAVSpec spektromeetrite kandurina mehitamata lennuvahendit, mistõttu on spektromeetrid disainitud täisautonoomsed ning piisavalt väiksed ja kerged. Spektromeetrite olulisemad omadused parametriseeriti laborimõõtmiste põhjal ning koostati algoritmid registreeritud signaalide radiomeetriliseks korrektsiooniks. Taimkatte kiirguslevimudelid vajavad väga suurt hulka sisendparameetreid, mida tavapärase metsa takseerimise käigus ei mõõdeta. Seetõttu koostati mahukas andmekogum kolme 1-hektarilise puistu kohta. Tartu Observatooriumis väljatöötatud metsa peegeldusmudeliga FRT simuleeriti nende puistute peegeldusspektreid ning võrreldi neid mõõtmistulemustega. Pakuti välja põhjalik protsessikirjeldus atmosfäärialuste tugimõõtmiste toel satelliidipiltide töötlemiseks ja satelliitsensorite kalibratsiooniks. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Pihlap, Meelis;

    Robots enable us to operate in hazardous or otherwise unvisitable environments such as mines, fires and radioactive environments. TeMoto, which is built upon the Robotics Operating System (ROS), makes it easier to develop scalable, manageable and reliable software for robotics systems. TeMoto needs functionalities to represent the environment in order to support development of robot systems that are aware of their surroundings. The aim of this work is to plan and design a framework for working with environment models, enable robots to synchronize the environment data, create an environment model to match the framework and test the system in a real world scenario. This was achieved by implementing data structures representing objects and rooms/spaces in the, designing an abstract interface to work with the data structures and implementing the interface to create a corresponding environment model. The work resulted in a functional system and infrastructure, which allows sharing semantic and topological data between robots, which was demonstrated in a trash collecting mission featuring a heterogeneous multi-robot system. The implemented framework lays a foundation for use of environment models in TeMoto, which allows designing robot systems that interact with the world in a meaningful way. Eesti keeles: Robotid võimaldavad töötada eluohtlikes keskkondades või muul moel ligipääsmatutel aladel nagu näiteks kaevandustes, tulekahjude kustutamisel ja radioaktiivsetes keskkondades. Hõlbustamaks inimene-robot ja robot-robot koostöösüsteemide tarkvaraarendust on loodud robotite operatsioonisüsteemil (ROS) põhinev tarkvararaamistik TeMoto. TeMotol on vaja keskkonna esitamise funktsionaalsusi, et oleks võimalik arendada robotisüsteeme, mis on keskkonnast teadlikud. Töö eesmärgiks oli kavandada ja luua TeMoto arhitektuuris raamistik keskkonnamudelitega töötamiseks, luua funktsionaalsus keskkonnamudelite sünkroniseerimiseks TeMoto instantside vahel, pakkuda keskkonnamudel ja testida süsteemi reaalses stsenaariumis. Töö tulemusena valmis terviklik süsteem ja infrastruktuur, millega saab edukalt jagada semantilist ja topoloogilist informatsiooni mitme roboti vahel ja seda demonstreeriti heterogeense mitme roboti süsteemiga läbi viidud otsingumissiooni näitel. Implementeeritud TeMoto keskkonnamudeli raamistik paneb aluse keskkonnamudelite kasutusele TeMoto arhitektuuris, mis võimaldab TeMoto abil arendada keskkonnaga mõtestatult tegutsevaid robotsüsteeme.

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    Authors: Lillipuu, Epp Maria;

    Arbuskulaar-mükoriissed (AM) seened aitavad taimedel mullast toitaineid omastada, pakuvad kaitset stressi vastu ning parandavad mulla struktuuri. Tavapõllumajanduse praktikad mõjuvad AM seenekooslustele negatiivselt. AM seeni sisaldavaid inokulaate kasutades soovitakse inokulatsiooniga taimede kasvu ja saagist parandada, kuid inokulaate uurinud tööd on leidnud nende efektiivsuse kohta vastakaid tulemusi. Oma magistritöös uurin potikatses 11 tööstusliku inokulaadi võimet taimejuuri koloniseerida, neis sisalduvate AM seente ja muude mikroorganismide mõju taime biomassile ning tootekirjelduses olevate AM seeneliikide vastavust tegelikule koostisele. Leidsin, et vaid kaks inokulaati tekitasid taimedel juurte kolonisatsiooni ning inokulaatides olevate AM seened ja muud mikroorganismid ei omanud olulist positiivset mõju taimede biomassidele. Inokulaate sekveneerides tuli välja, et tootekirjelduses olevad AM seene liigid ei vasta suures osas neist leitud liikidele ning mitmes tootes oli AM seeni väga vähe või puudusid nad sootuks. Seega tuleks AM seeni sisaldavate inokulaatide tulemuslikuks rakendamiseks pöörata senisest suuremat tähelepanu inokulaatide kvaliteedikontrollile.

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    Authors: Hallist, Martin;

    Eesti keeles: Robootika kiire areng toob kaasa vajaduse tarkadeks robotiteks. Veel ei ole loodud lahendust, mis oleks sama kohanemisvõimeline kui inimene. Seepärast on praegune parim lahendus luua vahendid inimeste ning robotite koostööks. Paraku ei kasutata potentsiaali piisavalt ära ning paljud robotite juhtimissüsteemid on kohmakad ning ebamugavad. See motiveerib looma süsteemi, mida oleks kerge ja mugav juhtida. Lõputöö keskendub teiste sarnaste lahenduste ning vajalike töövahendite tutvustamisele. Peamiseks nõudeks on manipulaatori vaba liikumine. Selle tulemusena valmis kaugjuhtimise lahendus, kus robotmanipulaator liigub vastavalt käte liikumiskiirusele ning pöördenurgale. In English: The rapid development of robotics raises the need for smart robots. There are no solutions yet that are as adaptable as a human beings. Thus, the current best solution is to create solutions for collaborations of humans and robots. Unfortunately a lot of potential is wasted, making controlling systems awkward and aggravating. It gives motivation to create a system that is easy and comfortable to maneuver. The bachelor’s thesis focuses on other similar solutions and gives an overview about used tools and modules. The main requirement is free movement of a manipulator. As the result, the teleoperation solution is made, where the robot manipulator moves according to the speed of movement of the hands and follows the angle of rotation.

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    Authors: Kustavus, Allan;

    Autonomous robots are utilized in a wide range of domains, combining a large number of resources like sensors, actuators and algorithms to form a self-acting robotic system. Tools, such as ROS and TeMoto, have been developed to allow for handling and managing of resources composing such systems. While TeMoto is meant to handle dynamic and changing situations the current implementation of its Resource Registrar, a core TeMoto component tasked with allocating, deallocating and tracking of resources, is tightly coupled to ROS, making it difficult to modify and improve. As a result of this thesis, the Resource Registrar (RR) of TeMoto was completely redesigned to be extendable to other robotic middleware, such as ROS2, and to improve TeMoto’s robustness with features, e.g., full recovery of the RR, that were unattainable with the previous design.

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    Authors: Hartmann, Dennis;
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    Authors: Julle, Kätriin;

    Eesti keeles: Mobiilne robot KUKA youBot on oma funktsionaalsuselt päevakajaline nii teaduse kui õppetöö eesmärkidel, sest tegu on omniliikuva mobiilse manipulaatoriga. Ent roboti pardaarvuti (Intel Atom D510 Dual Core 1.66 GHz, 2 GB DDR2 RAM) on vananenud ja tootja poolt toetatud tarkvara (ROS Indigo ja Ubuntu 14.04) aegunud. Seetõttu oleks vajalik robot ajakohastada nii, et seda saaks kasutada kaasaegsetes lahendustes. Roboti ajakohastamiseks asendati KUKA youBoti pardaarvuti Intel NUCiga (Intel Core i5-4250U, 4 GB DDR3 RAM) ja paigaldati ROS Kinetic ning Ubuntu 16.04. Riistvara ja tarkvara uuendamise tulemusena tõusis KUKA youBoti pardaarvuti jõudlus. Suurim muutus toimus manipulaatori liigutusplaneerimisele kulunud ajas, mis vähenes enam kui 100 korda. In English: Mobile robot KUKA youBot is functionally relevant in research and education purposes because it is a omnidirectional mobile manipulator. But the robot’s onboard computer (Intel Atom D510 Dual Core 1.66 GHz, 2 GB DDR2 RAM) and the software the manufacturer supports (ROS Indigo and Ubuntu 16.04) are out of date. For that reason the robot needs to be brought up to date so it could be used in modern solutions. To bring the robot up to date, KUKA youBot’s onboard computer was replaced with Intel NUC (Intel Core i5-4250U, 4 GB DDR3 RAM) and ROS Kinetic and Ubuntu 16.04 were installed. As a result of upgrading The hardware and software, KUKA youBot’s performance increased. The biggest change could be seen in the manipulator’s movement planning time, where it decreased more than a 100 times.

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