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official statistics: aggregate data 【対象期間】 明治31年【頭注】 (＊ハ犢ニシテ牝牡不詳ノモノナリ） 公的統計: 集計データ、統計表 Organization Aggregation 集計 組織

The COVID-19 pandemic had accelerated digital transformation, which has become an integral part of society and the survival of companies, a requirement of the modern world. Reacting to changes related to the pandemic required leadership skills from managers. Difficult decisions have been made in every organization, but the coronavirus has pushed decision making to the limit. This thesis is a case study where the research data was collected utilizing semi-structure interviews and managers of different departments within the case study were interviewed. The common perception of managers and employees on digitalization is that it brought many opportunities and benefits to employees' productivity. The accelerated digitalization has been appreciated and was received as important and necessary. Digitalization brought better ways of communication and increased transparency, which made it possible for employees to work more effective. New digital tools allowed better business processes. Nevertheless, digitalization had its minuses such as limited social interaction. Dependency on technology had increased causing a risk in maintaining work flow. From social perspective, employees found it difficult to disconnect from work. By that, it was meant work-life balance was affected. Based on the research outputs, digitalization has had a positive effect on employees' productivity working in service organizations (case study: Region Stockholm).

【対象期間】 明治14年明治14年【注記(計数出所）】 農商務省調査の材料 official statistics: aggregate data 公的統計: 集計データ、統計表 Aggregation Object 対象 集計

Robots capable of generating adhesion forces that can achieve free movement in application environments while overcoming their own gravity are a subject of interest for researchers. A robot with controllable adhesion could be useful in many engineered systems. materials processing equipment, robots that climb walls, and pick-and-place machines are some examples. However, most adhesion methods either require a large energy supply system or are limited by the properties of the contact plane. For example, elector-magnetic adhesion requires a ferromagnetic surface and electrostatic adhesion requires a dielectric surface. Furthermore, nearly all existing approaches are only used to generate adhesion forces and often require additional mechanisms to remove the adhesive component from the surface. In this study, we aimed to develop a simpler method of adhering to a surface while simultaneously moving in directions parallel to the surface, using multiple vibration sources to generate normal adhesion. To test our approach, we constructed circular and elliptical models and conducted experiments with various inputs and model parameters. Our results show that this new method can achieve adhesive rotation and displacement in the plane without requiring any auxiliary operating system. By using only vibration sources, we were able to generate the necessary adhesion forces for the robot's motion. This work represents a step towards the construction of a small-sized tetherless robot that can overcome gravity and move freely in a general environment.

In Western Europe, natural habitats such as heathlands have been converted into many commercially managed forests, with severe impacts on biodiversity. In dense planted forests, forest edges are often the only suitable areas for ectothermic organisms highly dependent on open habitats for thermoregulation. Surprisingly, the influence of forest edges structure on the thermal quality of microhabitats and reptile species distribution remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined two reptile species and thermal quality of interior forest edges of a coniferous forest in Western France (Brittany). We focused on two hypotheses (i) the vegetation structure of the forest edges drives the thermal quality of the habitat and (ii) structural complexity of the forest edges influences the abundance of two heliothermic reptiles: the common adder (Vipera berus) and the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We first deployed temperature sensitive data loggers to quantify thermal conditions along 16 cross-sections of inner forest margins. For each section, 4 temperature loggers were placed at 1, 3, 5 and 7 m from the driveway and we examined the relation to vegetation structure and canopy cover. Second, we carried visual encounter surveys in 55 edges in order to measure the response of two reptiles to the structure of the forest margin along exploitation driveway. Our results show that high local canopy cover decreases microhabitat quality within interior forest edges. We also found that common lizard abundance was significantly influenced by the edge orientation and increased with global canopy openness and ground level vegetation. Adder abundance only increased significantly with the driveway width, suggesting the unmodelled effect of other biotic/abiotic variables. Our study shows that thermal quality of interior edges and driveway characteristics are relevant to support heathland reptile populations. We posit that maintain strips of favourable microhabitats should be an efficient land sharing strategy to combine forestry activities and biodiversity conservation.

official statistics: aggregate data 【対象期間】 明治41年【頭注】 ＊ハ山藍 Geographic Unit 公的統計: 集計データ、統計表 Aggregation Object 地理的単位 対象 集計

Restoring soil health by using cover crops can improve agricultural productivity and sustainability. This practice can improve soil structure, organic matter, and fertility. Cover crops, typically grown outside the main growing season, have the potential to reduce soil erosion, promote water infiltration, limit pest and disease outbreaks, and improve nutrient cycling. However, cover crops may deplete soil moisture, which can increase the water demand of the following growing season in semi-arid climates such as California’s Central Valley. For decades, agriculture in California’s Central Valley has pumped groundwater to meet irrigation demand. This has led to widespread depletion of groundwater aquifers, land subsidence, water quality degradation, and domestic wells running dry. In recent years, efforts have attempted to intentionally replenish aquifers with excess surface water when available. One such method is agricultural managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR), a practice that involves intentionally flooding an agricultural field during the winter or early spring to recharge groundwater. However, agricultural fields often contain high nitrate levels from fertilizer and manure applications. The challenge, therefore, is to increase recharge without contaminating groundwater. Non-leguminous cover crops can offer a potential solution to the nitrate leaching risk associated with Ag-MAR events by taking up excess nitrogen from soil and sequestering it in biomass. In this study, we intentionally flooded a vineyard planted with a cover crop for two weeks in March 2022 to investigate its effect on cover crop survival, and nitrate leaching and nitrogen dynamics in root zone. A split-plot experiment with main plots arranged as a randomized complete block design was set up in a 0.8-hectare Thompson seedless grape vineyard at the Kearney Research and Extension Center in California. Three cover crop treatments were tested on flooded and control (winter precipitation only) subplots. Triticale, a grass cover crop, was planted in vineyard alley ways in November 2021. In early March 2022, half of the cover crop plots were mowed, and residue was disked into the soil before flooding for two weeks. The other half of cover crop plots were left standing during flooding and terminated after flooding using an herbicide. Before, during, and after flooding, we tracked triticale and grapevine biomass. We measured carbon and nitrogen from porewater (depths: 20, 60, and 100 cm) using lysimeters. We also measured carbon and nitrogen content from soil samples (depths: 0-10, 10-20, 50-60, and 90-100 cm). Results demonstrate the complexity of crop tolerance to flooding and cover crop nitrogen dynamics. Grape yields decreased due to flooding, but triticale biomass did not. Triticale did not reduce the initial amount of nitrate in soil despite taking up 85-92 kg N/ha before flooding began. This indicates that residual soil nitrate was too high and N uptake by the cover crop too low to cause a significant reduction. Porewater NO3--N concentrations dropped to 0 mg/L within the first five days of continuous flooding, indicating that most residual nitrate leached. Cover crops did not reduce the total amount of nitrate leached during flooding. More study is needed to determine best practices for minimizing nitrate leaching and crop injury during Ag-MAR