• Rural Digital Europe
• English close

The net primary productions of the aboveground phytomass components (tree trunks and crowns) are estimated for Scots pine trees, which grow mainly in pure and mixed (admixture from 1 to 3 units) pine plantations of artificial origin of the Eastern Polissya of Ukraine. Plantations are characterized as highly productive (II, I, Ia and above classes of quality), medium and high-density stands whcih grow in fresh forests (A2), subors (B2) and sogruds (C2). 80 temporary test plots (TTP) used, which were planted in pine stands of Sumy (36 TTP) and Chernihiv (44 TTP) regions, where 900 model trees (MT) of Scots pine were cut down and measured, of which 226 MT with fractional assessment of aboveground phytomass components and 674 MT assessment of crown phytomass. Measurement of models and calculations of aboveground phytomass components of Scots pine trees net primary productions was performed using improved applicable methods and developed algorithm. The set of values of the experimental material in natural quantities is characterized by the normal distribution of values by age, diameter, and height of trees and relative density of stands. The closeness of the connection exists between all the studied indicators of model pine trees (from moderate; -0.31 0.91), weak (0.11

In sub-Saharan Africa, the long-awaited fuelwood gap, resulting of the unbalance between a declining supply of firewood and the increasing demand of households, remains a latent social-ecological challenge. As its quantitative basis remains elusive, we have assessed agroforestry parklands, assumedly main providers of firewood, and firewood consumption in Dassari, Benin and Dano, Burkina Faso, both in the West African savannah. Data collected included botanical inventories, tree biomass estimations, householders’ firewood collection habits and consumption. Our findings show a drifting in preference for firewood-provider species, either by resource exhaustion or as preventive strategy. Tree biomass stock is a misleading proxy of firewood availability, by the increased use of other species, and the bias in calculations caused by non-used larger species. Firewood gathering has expanded towards communal lands and even natural reserves and its trade is emerging, what aside the ecological harm, started to weaken regulatory institutions and the internal social networks. Although the estimated firewood per capita consumption rounds 1 kg day-1 (inferior to precedent estimations), the signs of forest degradation persist. Commercial uses, like local breweries, pose the main challenge, as their demands are disproportional, up to one third of the whole; their demand of larger pieces that leads to more detrimental chopping, and contributes to emerging firewood markets fed by pieces of doubtful origin.

2005

Çalışmada; perlit ve su kültürü ortamında yetiştirilen domates (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Kurucaova) bitkisinin anatomik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 2016 yılında, Harran Üniversitesi’ndeki polikarbonat örtülü serada, Malatya Kurucaova yerli domates çeşidi yetiştirilmiştir. Anatomik analizler için; parafin içerisindeki kök, gövde ve yaprak örnekleri Safranin, Fast Green ile boyanmış, ışık mikroskobunda incelenmiş ve bulguların fotoğrafları çekilmiştir. Kök, gövde ve yaprağın bazı dokularında biyometrik ölçümler yapılmıştır. Ölçümlere göre, iki ortamda yetiştirilen bitkiler arasında bazı farklılıklara rastlanmıştır. İncelenen tüm bitkilerde anatomik olarak benzer özellikler saptanmıştır. Kökler; 5-6 sıralı, dalgalı çeperli parankima hücrelerinden oluşan kortekse sahiptir. Tek sıra endodermis ve perisikl gözlenmiştir. Gövdeler; tek sıralı epidermis, 1-2 sıralı klorenkima, 4-5 sıralı kollenkima ve 4-5 sıralı parankimatik dokudan oluşmaktadır. İletim demetleri bir kuşak gibi gövdeyi çevrelemiştir ve bikollateraldir. İletim demetlerinin epidermise bakan yönünde floemin üzerinde 1-2 sıralı sklerankima, öze bakan yönünde floemin altında 1-2 hücreli sklerankima gözlenmiştir. Öz parankimatiktir. Stoma, örtü ve salgı tüyleri gözlenmiştir. Yapraklar; bifasiyal ve amfistomatiktir. Mezofil, tek sıralı palizat parankiması ve 2-3 sıralı sünger parankimasından oluşmaktadır. Büyük iletim demeti, bikollateraldir. Küçük iletim demetleri, mezofilin içine gömülüdür ve kollateral tiptedir. Örtü ve salgı tüylerine sahiptirler. Her iki bitkide kök, gövde ve yaprakta kum ve prizmatik kristallere rastlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışmada; topraksız tarım teknikleri kullanılarak farklı ortamlarda yetiştirilen ekonomik bir bitkinin bazı anatomik özellikleri ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, bölgede topraksız tarım teknikleri kullanılarak yapılacak yetiştiriciliğe katkı sağlayacak ve benzer bilimsel çalışmalara ışık tutacaktır.

Studies on physiological and biochemical processes in crops are highly relevant for breeders to produce hybrids with high yield. Two different maturity groups of maize hybrids were tested in this study. The research site was located at the Látókép Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen and the experiment lasted for 2 years. The examined nitrogen ranges were separated into two parts. Firstly, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer ranging from 120–300 kg ha−1 were examined, supplemented with a constant, high-level P2O5 and K2O. Secondly, the optimal ratio of N:P:K was measured. In order to monitor the health status of maize hybrids, stress indicators including the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the rate of lipid peroxidation (LP), and grain yield were measured. The samples were taken in five phenological stages. Variance analysis based on nitrogen fertilizer showed variation in sampling times and fertilizers on APX, LP, and SOD. Variance analysis based on NPK indicated variation in sampling times, years, and fertilizer levels on APX, LP, and SOD. Correlation analysis showed that yield correlated negatively with SOD during the use of NPK fertilizer, as the use of nitrogen fertilizer cannot make corrections to yield with SOD but phosphorus and potassium can correlate with yield, and SOD. Principal component analysis showed that NPK5 and N5 had maximum stability and effect on yield. The activity of APX had the highest value during silking, and LP was in the V14 leaf stage. The correlation and principal component analysis showed that silking and the V14 leaf stage are the most important stages for yield, thus, higher attention must be paid to these stages in the LP and the activation of APX to achieve maximum yield.

Internet of Things (IoT) environments are widely employed in industrial applications including intelligent transportation systems, healthcare systems, and building energy management systems. For such environments of highly sensitive data, adapting scalable and flexible communication with efficient security is vital. Research investigated wireless Ad-hoc/mesh networking, while Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) schemes have been highly recommended for IoT. However, a combined implementation of both mesh networking and Key-Policy Attribute Based Encryption (KPABE) on resource-constrained devices has been rarely addressed. Hence, in this work, an integrated system that deploys a lightweight KPABE security built on wireless mesh networking is proposed. Implementation results show that the proposed system ensures flexibility and scalability of self-forming and cooperative mesh networking in addition to a fine-grained security access structure for IoT nodes. Moreover, the work introduces a case study of an enabled scenario at a school building for optimizing energy efficiency, in which the proposed integrated system architecture is deployed on IoT sensing and actuating devices. Therefore, the encryption attributes and access policy are well-defined, and can be adopted in relevant IoT applications. 2013 IEEE. This publication was made possible by the National Priority Research Program (NPRP) grant [NPRP10-1203-160008] from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation) and the co-funding by the IBERDROLA QSTP LLC. The publication of this article was funded by the Qatar National Library. The findings achieved herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. Scopus 2-s2.0-85099090478

This paper considers the impact of agriculture and international trade development on income distribution and economic activity in Mozambique. A social accounting matrix multiplier decomposition model is used - in particular, an extension of the standard model that details the process of income distribution through the economy's institutions. When we focus on the impact on rural low-income households, the emphasis is on the food crop and food-processing sectors. The results suggest surprisingly that such households do not benefit much from exogenous increases in agricultural crops; high-income rural and urban households benefit more. A full decomposition of the multipliers suggests that rural low-income households link strongly to food-processing, but that the latter is not very prominent in the Mozambican economy due to high import penetration. The second focus is therefore on international trade, which reveals that the high rates of imports regarding food-processing are mainly sourced from South Africa.

Observations made during training at the Madian-Salagnac center led to the construction of private cisterns and community impluviums (rainwater collectors) in Haiti. The introduction of cisterns in Salagnac (Nippes) enabled peasant families to increase their farming income, to focus on extra-agricultural activities (building work), to have access to good-quality water, to improve their health, and to give the women and children more time for other activities. Les constats tirés au cours des formations du centre Madian Salagnac ont encouragé la construction de citernes individuelles et d’impluviums collectifs en Haïti. L’introduction de citernes à Salagnac (département des Nippes) a permis aux paysans d’accroître leur revenu lié à leurs activités agricoles, de se consacrer à des activités extra-agricoles (maçonnerie), d’accéder à une eau de qualité, d’améliorer leur santé et enfin de libérer du temps pour les femmes et les enfants. Las conclusiones sacadas de la formación en el centro Madian-Salagnac han promovido la construcción de cisternas individuales y aljibes colectivos en Haití. Debido a la introducción de cisternas en Salagnac (departamento de Nippes), los campesinos han podido aumentar los ingresos derivados de las actividades agrícolas, dedicarse a actividades extraagrícolas (albañilería), acceder a un agua de calidad, mejorar su salud y, por último, liberar de cargas y tiempo a mujeres y niños.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the application of the spectral-temporal response surface (STRS) classification method on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 250 m) sensor images in order to estimate soybean areas in Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The classification was carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm (MLA) adapted to the STRS method. Thirty segments of 30x30 km were chosen along the main agricultural regions of Mato Grosso state, using data from the summer season of 2005/2006 (from October to March), and were mapped based on fieldwork data, TM/Landsat-5 and CCD/CBERS-2 images. Five thematic classes were considered: Soybean, Forest, Cerrado, Pasture and Bare Soil. The classification by the STRS method was done over an area intersected with a subset of 30x30-km segments. In regions with soybean predominance, STRS classification overestimated in 21.31% of the reference values. In regions where soybean fields were less prevalent, the classifier overestimated 132.37% in the acreage of the reference. The overall classification accuracy was 80%. MODIS sensor images and the STRS algorithm showed to be promising for the classification of soybean areas in regions with the predominance of large farms. However, the results for fragmented areas and smaller farms were less efficient, overestimating soybean areas.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação do método de classificação por superfícies de resposta espectro-temporal (STRS) em imagens do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, 250 m) para estimar áreas de plantio de soja no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. A classificação foi realizada usando o algoritmo de máxima verossimilhança (MLA) adaptado ao algoritmo STRS. Trinta segmentos de 30x30 km foram escolhidos ao longo das principais regiões agrícolas do estado, com dados da safra de verão de 2005/2006 (outubro a março), e mapeados com base em dados de campo e de imagens orbitais TM/Landsat-5 e CCD/CBERS-2. Cinco classes temáticas foram consideradas: Soja, Floresta, Cerrado, Pastagem e Solos Expostos. A classificação pelo método das STRS foi feita com base em uma área interseccionada por um subconjunto de segmentos de 30x30 km. O STRS superestimou os valores de referência em 21,31% em regiões com predomínio da cultura da soja e em 132,37% em regiões nas quais a soja era menos predominante. A exatidão global da classificação foi de 80%. As imagens MODIS e o algoritmo STRS mostraram-se promissores para a classificação da soja em regiões com predominância de grandes fazendas. Entretanto, os resultados para áreas fragmentadas em fazendas menores foram menos eficientes, superestimando as áreas de soja.