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The following results are related to Rural Digital Europe. Are you interested to view more results? Visit OpenAIRE - Explore.

  • Rural Digital Europe
  • Part of book or chapter of book
  • 6. Clean water

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović; Avdul Adrović; Ferdinand Bego; Natalija Čađenović; +4 Authors

    In these times of aggressive and enormous anthropogenic alterations of freshwater aquatic habitats throughout the Western Balkans, including drying out, pollution or the introduction of invasive species, the value of small water bodies (SWB) as refugia for local amphibians is clearly increasing. A network of SWB could be crucial for the conservation of local amphibian richness, if this network is properly maintained and monitored. Together, countries of the Western Balkan harbor 29 amphibian species and only one of these species does not use SWB. Almost all those countries share the same challenges—drainage, technical flood protection measures, channelization, planned small dam construction, agriculture, deforestation, pollution, road construction and decrease of aquifers. The conservation of SWB in the region is related to the socio-economic status of the people i.e. to the stimulation of local stakeholders to continue with the traditional practices of agriculture and animal husbandry, including maintenance of SWB, and to their continuous education on importance of SWB for preservation of high values of local biodiversity.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Cerdá Bolinches, Artemio; Terol Esparza, Enric;

    [ES] Las altas tasas de erosión del suelo comprometen una agricultura sostenible. En los campos agrícolas de secano se han cuantificado tasas de erosión varios ordenes de magnitud mayores a las tasas de erosión consideradas tolerables. En los cultivos de secano mediterráneo como el viñedo, almendro y olivar, y en las nuevas plantaciones de cítricos y caquis en pendiente, las tasas de pérdida de suelo hacen necesario la aplicación de medidas que las reduzcan para evitar el colapso en la producción agrícola. Manejos como las adventicias, abonos verdes y acolchados (paja y restos de poda) son opciones viables para alcanzar la sostenibilidad. Este trabajo aplica mediciones mediante parcelas, lluvia simulada e ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) para cuantificar a distintas escalas temporales y espaciales la pérdida de suelo en campos de manejo tradicional (herbicida o laboreo) y bajo manejos alternativos (acolchados y cubiertas vegetales). Los trabajos realizados en la estación experimental para el estudio de la erosión del suelo de la Sierra de Enguera y las de Montesa y Les Alcusses aportan información de parcelas de erosión bajo lluvia natural. Los experimentos realizados con lluvia simulada en campos de olivos, almendros, cítricos, caquis, viñedos y frutales informan de la respuesta hidrológica y erosiva bajo lluvias de baja frecuencia y alta intensidad. Y finalmente, el método topográfico ISUM nos indica el impacto del manejo a largo plazo, desde la plantación. Los resultados indican que la pérdida de suelo es mayor (x10-1000) en los suelos bajo manejos tradicionales (laboreo y herbicida) debido a que quedan desnudos gran parte del año. El uso de acolchados de paja reduce la erosión del suelo inmediatamente en dos ordenes de magnitud. También los acolchados de restos de poda son muy eficientes, pero requieren más años para conseguir reducir la pérdida de suelo. Las adventicias y los abonos verdes son muy eficientes en el control de la erosión. [EN] High rates of soil erosion compromise sustainable agriculture. In rainfed agricultural fields, erosion rates several orders of magnitude higher than the erosion rates considered tolerable have been quantified. In Mediterranean rainfed crops such as vineyards, almonds and olive groves, and in the new sloping citrus and persimmon plantations, the rates of soil loss make it necessary to apply measures to reduce them to avoid collapse in agricultural production. Managements such as weeds, catch crops and mulches (straw and pruning remains) are viable options to achieve sustainability. This work applies measurements through plots, simulated rainfall experiments and ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) to quantify the loss of soil at different temporal and spatial scales in fields of traditional management (herbicide or tillage) and under alternative management (mulches and plant covers). The work carried out at the experimental station for the study of soil erosion in the Sierra de Enguera and those of Montesa and Les Alcusses provide information on erosion plots under natural rain. Experiments carried out with simulated rain in fields of olive, almond, citrus, persimmon, vineyard and fruit trees report the hydrological and erosive response under low frequency and high intensity rains. And finally, the ISUM topographic method report the impact of long-term management, from the plantation. The results indicate that the loss of soil is greater (x10-1000) in soils under traditional management (tillage and herbicide) due to the fact that they remain bare for most of the year. The use of straw mulch immediately reduces soil erosion by two orders of magnitude. Also mulches from chipped pruned branches remains are very efficient but require more years to reduce soil loss. Weeds and catch crops are very efficient in controlling erosion. This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 603498 (RECARE project). Artemi Cerdà thanks the Co-operative Research programme from the OECD (Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems) for its support with the 2016 CRP fellowship (OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807). We thank Nathalie Elisseou Léglise for her kind management of our financial support. The collaboration of students from the Degree of Geography and Environmental Sciences was fruitful and enjoyable. The music of Hilari Alonso (A prop) was an inspiration during the writing of this paper at the COVID19 time.

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    Authors: Mohammad Zaman; Kristina Kleineidam; Lars R. Bakken; J. Berendt; +37 Authors

    AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Charles P. Henriot; Daniel Martak; Christophe Dagot; Fabienne Petit; +4 Authors

    The discovery of antibiotics in the twentieth century largely improved health conditions. However, the increasing and disproportionate use of these drugs has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Currently, these antibiotic-resistant bacteria are spreading within the human community. Our environment is polluted by these emerging contaminants, mostly through the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and soil amendments with residual organic waste. Farming, intensive pasturing, and aquacultures are also sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. Once released into the environment, antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread mostly in aquatic ecosystems where they can persist in culturable or non-culturable states. Together with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antimicrobials (i.e. antibiotics, metals and biocides) are released most often from the same sources and can exert selective pressure on bacterial communities. To what extent are environments contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria a new risk for human populations? Humans in low and middle income countries are more frequently exposed than humans in high income countries, benefiting from the efficient collection and treatment of wastewater. Indeed, various management measures can be implemented to reduce the likelihood of human exposure to environmental antibiotic resistance and the subsequent risk to human health; such measures include efficient wastewater treatments, the implementation of local policies and knowledge exchange. Moreover, as the spread of antibiotic resistance is both a public and an environmental health concern, this issue can only be understood through a multidisciplinary approach that involves all stakeholders.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Zaman, M.; Kleineidam, K.; Bakken, L.; Berendt, J.; +40 Authors

    AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.

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    Institutionelles Repositorium der Leibniz Universität Hannover
    Other literature type . Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    https://doi.org/10.15488/15904...
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      Institutionelles Repositorium der Leibniz Universität Hannover
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    Authors: Mohammad Zaman; Kristina Kleineidam; Lars R. Bakken; J. Berendt; +37 Authors

    AbstractAgricultural lands make up approximately 37% of the global land surface, and agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Those GHGs are responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic global warming effect. Agricultural GHG emissions are associated with agricultural soil management (e.g. tillage), use of both synthetic and organic fertilisers, livestock management, burning of fossil fuel for agricultural operations, and burning of agricultural residues and land use change. When natural ecosystems such as grasslands are converted to agricultural production, 20–40% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) is lost over time, following cultivation. We thus need to develop management practices that can maintain or even increase SOCstorage in and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems. We need to design systematic approaches and agricultural strategies that can ensure sustainable food production under predicted climate change scenarios, approaches that are being called climate‐smart agriculture (CSA). Climate‐smart agricultural management practices, including conservation tillage, use of cover crops and biochar application to agricultural fields, and strategic application of synthetic and organic fertilisers have been considered a way to reduce GHG emission from agriculture. Agricultural management practices can be improved to decreasing disturbance to the soil by decreasing the frequency and extent of cultivation as a way to minimise soil C loss and/or to increase soil C storage. Fertiliser nitrogen (N) use efficiency can be improved to reduce fertilizer N application and N loss. Management measures can also be taken to minimise agricultural biomass burning. This chapter reviews the current literature on CSA practices that are available to reduce GHG emissions and increase soil Csequestration and develops a guideline on best management practices to reduce GHG emissions, increase C sequestration, and enhance crop productivity in agricultural production systems.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Liew, Jiun Terng; Sali, Aduwati; Noordin, Nor Kamariah; Ali, Borhanuddin Mohd.; +5 Authors

    Peatland is important to rural communities’ livelihood due to its potential for aquaculture and agriculture. Nonetheless, human activities such as slash-and-burn can greatly increase forest fire risk, which can release a great amount of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. To sustainably manage and restore peatlands, the Internet of Things (IoT) system can incorporate with Cyber-Physical System (CPS) for peatland management. In this study, an IoT system is deployed in the peatland to monitor the ground water level (GWL) and upload it to the server for the machine learning (ML) process. The trend of GWL will be modelled, and the CPS using the developed ML model will control the peatland rewatering process. As a result, the peatland condition can be monitored in real-time, and the risk of forest fire can be mitigated through rewatering automation before the GWL drops to a critical level. Part 15: Interoperability of IoT and CPS for Industrial CNs International audience

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Terreaux, Jean-Philippe; Tidball, Mabel;

    The notion of drought is most often associated with the aridity of landscapes andvegetation. But a green landscape can hide a frequent imbalance between wateravailability and the quantity necessary to maintain rivers in a suitable state, tosatisfy different water needs. This is the case, for example, in the French regioncalled New Aquitaine. Regularly, "drought" crisis committees are set up there tolimit water use through administrative constraints, which is technically difficultand costly for many, and with an overall unsatisfactory situation from rural areas tothe coast. But in summer, water consumption is mainly due to irrigation. Somewater resource managers have consequently set up an original non-linear waterpricing system for irrigation to achieve several objectives: above all, to limit waterconsumption in order to respect a minimum flow rate in rivers, to anticipate watersupply-demand imbalances before agricultural plantations are made, to allocatewater to the users who value it best, to recover water supply costs, to be transparentand sufficiently simple in its application to be acceptable. In this chapter, wepropose to describe one of such original pricing systems, as well as some of its mainmathematical properties and its practical interests International audience

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    ZENODO
    Other literature type . Part of book or chapter of book . 2020 . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://www.intechopen.com/cit...
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    Authors: Rouillard, Josselin;

    International audience; Sustainable groundwater quantitative management does not only depend on implementing the right water policy instruments. It also relies on enabling sectoral policies that work in synergy with water policy objectives. To explore this link, this chapter presents the evolution of European agricultural policies, their level of support to irrigated farming, and consequences for groundwater abstraction in France. Three phases are identified. Until 1992, the French government encouraged the deployment of irrigated farming through price support mechanisms, market measures, subsidies for agricultural modernisation, and large scale supply infrastructure projects. The second phase, from 1992 and 2003, is a transitional period during which agricultural policies maintained an explicit support to irrigated farming, while the first agro-environmental schemes were established. The third and ongoing phase (2003-2020) is associated with the progressive removal of direct payments for irrigated crops, while rural development funding offers mixed incentives. The chapter then presents current policy instruments contributing to reduce structural water deficits due to agricultural abstraction. To date, most projects to achieve groundwater quantitative targets focus on improvements in irrigation efficiency and the building of "compensatory" water storage schemes. To meet the challenges of climate change and increased scarcity, future initiatives should focus on water savings through the diversification of agricultural and food systems.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Boulet, Gilles; Jarlan, Lionel; Olioso, Albert; Nieto, H.;

    Abstract This chapter presents the theoretical and practical aspects for estimating evapotranspiration and its key components in the Mediterranean region at local and regional scales. First, the importance of computing this term in various landscapes is outlined: natural ecosystems to assess their vulnerability to drought, rainfed, and irrigated landscapes for a sustainable management of water resources. The main factors governing evapotranspiration at the intersection between the surface energy budget and the terrestrial water budget are reviewed, with insight on how to get information from in-situ, reanalysis, or remote sensing data. This leads to what and how the various specificities of the Mediterranean landscapes are to be taken into account to understand better the various processes involved for the transpiration and the evaporation of the soil. The chapter ends with various case studies presenting local-scale or regional-scale applications, ranging from land surface modeling to remote sensing estimation of evapotranspiration.

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    https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović; Avdul Adrović; Ferdinand Bego; Natalija Čađenović; +4 Authors

    In these times of aggressive and enormous anthropogenic alterations of freshwater aquatic habitats throughout the Western Balkans, including drying out, pollution or the introduction of invasive species, the value of small water bodies (SWB) as refugia for local amphibians is clearly increasing. A network of SWB could be crucial for the conservation of local amphibian richness, if this network is properly maintained and monitored. Together, countries of the Western Balkan harbor 29 amphibian species and only one of these species does not use SWB. Almost all those countries share the same challenges—drainage, technical flood protection measures, channelization, planned small dam construction, agriculture, deforestation, pollution, road construction and decrease of aquifers. The conservation of SWB in the region is related to the socio-economic status of the people i.e. to the stimulation of local stakeholders to continue with the traditional practices of agriculture and animal husbandry, including maintenance of SWB, and to their continuous education on importance of SWB for preservation of high values of local biodiversity.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Cerdá Bolinches, Artemio; Terol Esparza, Enric;

    [ES] Las altas tasas de erosión del suelo comprometen una agricultura sostenible. En los campos agrícolas de secano se han cuantificado tasas de erosión varios ordenes de magnitud mayores a las tasas de erosión consideradas tolerables. En los cultivos de secano mediterráneo como el viñedo, almendro y olivar, y en las nuevas plantaciones de cítricos y caquis en pendiente, las tasas de pérdida de suelo hacen necesario la aplicación de medidas que las reduzcan para evitar el colapso en la producción agrícola. Manejos como las adventicias, abonos verdes y acolchados (paja y restos de poda) son opciones viables para alcanzar la sostenibilidad. Este trabajo aplica mediciones mediante parcelas, lluvia simulada e ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) para cuantificar a distintas escalas temporales y espaciales la pérdida de suelo en campos de manejo tradicional (herbicida o laboreo) y bajo manejos alternativos (acolchados y cubiertas vegetales). Los trabajos realizados en la estación experimental para el estudio de la erosión del suelo de la Sierra de Enguera y las de Montesa y Les Alcusses aportan información de parcelas de erosión bajo lluvia natural. Los experimentos realizados con lluvia simulada en campos de olivos, almendros, cítricos, caquis, viñedos y frutales informan de la respuesta hidrológica y erosiva bajo lluvias de baja frecuencia y alta intensidad. Y finalmente, el método topográfico ISUM nos indica el impacto del manejo a largo plazo, desde la plantación. Los resultados indican que la pérdida de suelo es mayor (x10-1000) en los suelos bajo manejos tradicionales (laboreo y herbicida) debido a que quedan desnudos gran parte del año. El uso de acolchados de paja reduce la erosión del suelo inmediatamente en dos ordenes de magnitud. También los acolchados de restos de poda son muy eficientes, pero requieren más años para conseguir reducir la pérdida de suelo. Las adventicias y los abonos verdes son muy eficientes en el control de la erosión. [EN] High rates of soil erosion compromise sustainable agriculture. In rainfed agricultural fields, erosion rates several orders of magnitude higher than the erosion rates considered tolerable have been quantified. In Mediterranean rainfed crops such as vineyards, almonds and olive groves, and in the new sloping citrus and persimmon plantations, the rates of soil loss make it necessary to apply measures to reduce them to avoid collapse in agricultural production. Managements such as weeds, catch crops and mulches (straw and pruning remains) are viable options to achieve sustainability. This work applies measurements through plots, simulated rainfall experiments and ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) to quantify the loss of soil at different temporal and spatial scales in fields of traditional management (herbicide or tillage) and under alternative management (mulches and plant covers). The work carried out at the experimental station for the study of soil erosion in the Sierra de Enguera and those of Montesa and Les Alcusses provide information on erosion plots under natural rain. Experiments carried out with simulated rain in fields of olive, almond, citrus, persimmon, vineyard and fruit trees report the hydrological and erosive response under low frequency and high intensity rains. And finally, the ISUM topographic method report the impact of long-term management, from the plantation. The results indicate that the loss of soil is greater (x10-1000) in soils under traditional management (tillage and herbicide) due to the fact that they remain bare for most of the year. The use of straw mulch immediately reduces soil erosion by two orders of magnitude. Also mulches from chipped pruned branches remains are very efficient but require more years to reduce soil loss. Weeds and catch crops are very efficient in controlling erosion. This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 603498 (RECARE project). Artemi Cerdà thanks the Co-operative Research programme from the OECD (Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems) for its support with the 2016 CRP fellowship (OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807). We thank Nathalie Elisseou Léglise for her kind management of our financial support. The collaboration of students from the Degree of Geography and Environmental Sciences was fruitful and enjoyable. The music of Hilari Alonso (A prop) was an inspiration during the writing of this paper at the COVID19 time.

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    Authors: Mohammad Zaman; Kristina Kleineidam; Lars R. Bakken; J. Berendt; +37 Authors

    AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Charles P. Henriot; Daniel Martak; Christophe Dagot; Fabienne Petit; +4 Authors

    The discovery of antibiotics in the twentieth century largely improved health conditions. However, the increasing and disproportionate use of these drugs has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Currently, these antibiotic-resistant bacteria are spreading within the human community. Our environment is polluted by these emerging contaminants, mostly through the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and soil amendments with residual organic waste. Farming, intensive pasturing, and aquacultures are also sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. Once released into the environment, antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread mostly in aquatic ecosystems where they can persist in culturable or non-culturable states. Together with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antimicrobials (i.e. antibiotics, metals and biocides) are released most often from the same sources and can exert selective pressure on bacterial communities. To what extent are environments contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria a new risk for human populations? Humans in low and middle income countries are more frequently exposed than humans in high income countries, benefiting from the efficient collection and treatment of wastewater. Indeed, various management measures can be implemented to reduce the likelihood of human exposure to environmental antibiotic resistance and the subsequent risk to human health; such measures include efficient wastewater treatments, the implementation of local policies and knowledge exchange. Moreover, as the spread of antibiotic resistance is both a public and an environmental health concern, this issue can only be understood through a multidisciplinary approach that involves all stakeholders.

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    Authors: Zaman, M.; Kleineidam, K.; Bakken, L.; Berendt, J.; +40 Authors

    AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.

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    Authors: Mohammad Zaman; Kristina Kleineidam; Lars R. Bakken; J. Berendt; +37 Authors

    AbstractAgricultural lands make up approximately 37% of the global land surface, and agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Those GHGs are responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic global warming effect. Agricultural GHG emissions are associated with agricultural soil management (e.g. tillage), use of both synthetic and organic fertilisers, livestock management, burning of fossil fuel for agricultural operations, and burning of agricultural residues and land use change. When natural ecosystems such as grasslands are converted to agricultural production, 20–40% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) is lost over time, following cultivation. We thus need to develop management practices that can maintain or even increase SOCstorage in and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems. We need to design systematic approaches and agricultural strategies that can ensure sustainable food production under predicted climate change scenarios, approaches that are being called climate‐smart agriculture (CSA). Climate‐smart agricultural management practices, including conservation tillage, use of cover crops and biochar application to agricultural fields, and strategic application of synthetic and organic fertilisers have been considered a way to reduce GHG emission from agriculture. Agricultural management practices can be improved to decreasing disturbance to the soil by decreasing the frequency and extent of cultivation as a way to minimise soil C loss and/or to increase soil C storage. Fertiliser nitrogen (N) use efficiency can be improved to reduce fertilizer N application and N loss. Management measures can also be taken to minimise agricultural biomass burning. This chapter reviews the current literature on CSA practices that are available to reduce GHG emissions and increase soil Csequestration and develops a guideline on best management practices to reduce GHG emissions, increase C sequestration, and enhance crop productivity in agricultural production systems.

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    Authors: Liew, Jiun Terng; Sali, Aduwati; Noordin, Nor Kamariah; Ali, Borhanuddin Mohd.; +5 Authors

    Peatland is important to rural communities’ livelihood due to its potential for aquaculture and agriculture. Nonetheless, human activities such as slash-and-burn can greatly increase forest fire risk, which can release a great amount of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. To sustainably manage and restore peatlands, the Internet of Things (IoT) system can incorporate with Cyber-Physical System (CPS) for peatland management. In this study, an IoT system is deployed in the peatland to monitor the ground water level (GWL) and upload it to the server for the machine learning (ML) process. The trend of GWL will be modelled, and the CPS using the developed ML model will control the peatland rewatering process. As a result, the peatland condition can be monitored in real-time, and the risk of forest fire can be mitigated through rewatering automation before the GWL drops to a critical level. Part 15: Interoperability of IoT and CPS for Industrial CNs International audience

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Terreaux, Jean-Philippe; Tidball, Mabel;

    The notion of drought is most often associated with the aridity of landscapes andvegetation. But a green landscape can hide a frequent imbalance between wateravailability and the quantity necessary to maintain rivers in a suitable state, tosatisfy different water needs. This is the case, for example, in the French regioncalled New Aquitaine. Regularly, "drought" crisis committees are set up there tolimit water use through administrative constraints, which is technically difficultand costly for many, and with an overall unsatisfactory situation from rural areas tothe coast. But in summer, water consumption is mainly due to irrigation. Somewater resource managers have consequently set up an original non-linear waterpricing system for irrigation to achieve several objectives: above all, to limit waterconsumption in order to respect a minimum flow rate in rivers, to anticipate watersupply-demand imbalances before agricultural plantations are made, to allocatewater to the users who value it best, to recover water supply costs, to be transparentand sufficiently simple in its application to be acceptable. In this chapter, wepropose to describe one of such original pricing systems, as well as some of its mainmathematical properties and its practical interests International audience

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    Other literature type . Part of book or chapter of book . 2020 . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Rouillard, Josselin;

    International audience; Sustainable groundwater quantitative management does not only depend on implementing the right water policy instruments. It also relies on enabling sectoral policies that work in synergy with water policy objectives. To explore this link, this chapter presents the evolution of European agricultural policies, their level of support to irrigated farming, and consequences for groundwater abstraction in France. Three phases are identified. Until 1992, the French government encouraged the deployment of irrigated farming through price support mechanisms, market measures, subsidies for agricultural modernisation, and large scale supply infrastructure projects. The second phase, from 1992 and 2003, is a transitional period during which agricultural policies maintained an explicit support to irrigated farming, while the first agro-environmental schemes were established. The third and ongoing phase (2003-2020) is associated with the progressive removal of direct payments for irrigated crops, while rural development funding offers mixed incentives. The chapter then presents current policy instruments contributing to reduce structural water deficits due to agricultural abstraction. To date, most projects to achieve groundwater quantitative targets focus on improvements in irrigation efficiency and the building of "compensatory" water storage schemes. To meet the challenges of climate change and increased scarcity, future initiatives should focus on water savings through the diversification of agricultural and food systems.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
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    Authors: Boulet, Gilles; Jarlan, Lionel; Olioso, Albert; Nieto, H.;

    Abstract This chapter presents the theoretical and practical aspects for estimating evapotranspiration and its key components in the Mediterranean region at local and regional scales. First, the importance of computing this term in various landscapes is outlined: natural ecosystems to assess their vulnerability to drought, rainfed, and irrigated landscapes for a sustainable management of water resources. The main factors governing evapotranspiration at the intersection between the surface energy budget and the terrestrial water budget are reviewed, with insight on how to get information from in-situ, reanalysis, or remote sensing data. This leads to what and how the various specificities of the Mediterranean landscapes are to be taken into account to understand better the various processes involved for the transpiration and the evaporation of the soil. The chapter ends with various case studies presenting local-scale or regional-scale applications, ranging from land surface modeling to remote sensing estimation of evapotranspiration.

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    https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0...
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