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The following results are related to Rural Digital Europe. Are you interested to view more results? Visit OpenAIRE - Explore.

  • Rural Digital Europe
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  • e-Prints Soton

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: J. E. Hatton; H. C. Ng; L. Meire; E. M. S. Woodward; +6 Authors

    Glaciers and ice sheets are experiencing rapid warming under current climatic change and there is increasing evidence that glacial meltwaters provide key dissolved and dissolvable amorphous nutrients to downstream ecosystems. However, large debate exists around the fate of these nutrients within complex and heterogenous fjord environments, where biogeochemical cycling is still often poorly understood. We combine silicon (Si) concentration data with isotopic compositions to better understand silicon cycling and export in two contrasting fjordic environments in south-west Greenland. We show that both fjords have isotopically light dissolved silicon (DSi) within surface waters, despite an apparently rapid biological drawdown of DSi with increasing salinity. We hypothesize that such observations cannot be explained by simple water mass mixing processes, and postulate that an isotopically light source of Si, most likely glacially derived amorphous silica (ASi), is responsible for further modifying these coastal waters within the fjords and beyond. Fjord to coastal exchange is likely a relatively slow process (several months), and thus is less impacted by short-term (

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    NIOZ Repository
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: NIOZ Repository
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NERC Open Research A...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NIOZ Repository
      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Serge, Maria-Antonia; Mazier, Florence; Fyfe, Ralph; Gaillard, Marie-José; +136 Authors

    Reliable quantitative vegetation reconstructions for Europe during the Holocene are crucial to improving our understanding of landscape dynamics, making it possible to assess the past effects of environmental variables and land-use change on ecosystems and biodiversity, and mitigating their effects in the future. We present here the most spatially extensive and temporally continuous pollen-based reconstructions of plant cover in Europe (at a spatial resolution of 1° × 1°) over the Holocene (last 11.7 ka BP) using the ‘Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites’ (REVEALS) model. This study has three main aims. First, to present the most accurate and reliable generation of REVEALS reconstructions across Europe so far. This has been achieved by including a larger number of pollen records compared to former analyses, in particular from the Mediterranean area. Second, to discuss methodological issues in the quantification of past land cover by using alternative datasets of relative pollen productivities (RPPs), one of the key input parameters of REVEALS, to test model sensitivity. Finally, to validate our reconstructions with the global forest change dataset. The results suggest that the RPPs.st1 (31 taxa) dataset is best suited to producing regional vegetation cover estimates for Europe. These reconstructions offer a long-term perspective providing unique possibilities to explore spatial-temporal changes in past land cover and biodiversity. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/land12050986/s1. File S1 Glossary of abbreviations used in the paper. This research was funded by the TERRANOVA Project, H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 813904. H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie TERRANOVA Project 813904 Swiss National Science Foundation U.S. National Science Foundation Chinese Academy of Science Swiss Academy of Sciences Linnaeus University’s MERGE PRG323 ETF PRG323

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    St Andrews Research Repository
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    UiS Brage
    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblos-e Archivo; In...arrow_drop_down
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      St Andrews Research Repository
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      UiS Brage
      Article . 2023
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      HAL-INSA Toulouse
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Karamitrou, Alexandra; Sturt, Fraser; Bogiatzis, Petros;

    UNESCO estimates that our planet’s oceans and lakes are home to more than three million shipwrecks. Of these three million, the locations of only 10% are currently known. Apart from the historical and archaeological interest in finding wrecks, there are other reasons why we need to know their precise locations. While a shipwreck can provide an excellent habitat for marine life, acting as an artificial reef, shipwrecks are also potential sources of pollution, leaking fuel and corroding heavy metals. When a vessel runs aground on an iron-free environment, changes in the chemistry of the surrounding environment can occur, creating a discoloration called black reef. In this work, we examine the use of supervised deep learning methods for the detection of shipwrecks on coral reefs through the presence of this discoloration using satellite images. One of the main challenges is the limited number of known locations of black reefs, and therefore, the limited training dataset. Our results show that even with relatively limited data, the simple eight-layer, fully convolutional network has been trained efficiently using minimal computational resources and has identified and classified all investigated black reefs and consequently the presence of shipwrecks. Furthermore, it has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the extent of discoloration and consequently the ecological impact on the reef by using time series imagery.

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    Remote Sensing
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Remote Sensing
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Dhritiraj Sengupta; Young Rae Choi; Bo Tian; Sally Brown; +6 Authors

    Increasing population size and economic dependence on the coastal zone, coupled with the growing need for residential, agricultural, industrial, commercial, and green space infrastructure, are key drivers of land reclamation. Until now, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the global distribution of land use on reclaimed space at the coast. Here, we analyse Landsat satellite imagery from 2000 to 2020 to quantify the spatial extent, scale, and land use of urban coastal reclamation for 135 cities with popultions in excess of one million.  Findings indicate that 78% (106/135) of these major coastal cities have resorted to reclamation as a source of new ground, contributing a total of 253,000 ha of additional land to the Earth’s surface in the 21st century, equivalent to an area the size of Luxembourg. Reclamation is especially prominent in East Asia, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, followed by Western Europe and West Africa. The most common land uses on reclaimed spaces are port extension (>70 cities), followed by residential/commercial (30 cities) and industrial (19 cities). While increased global trade and rapid urbanization have driven these uses, we argue that a city’s prestigious place-making effort to gain global reputation is emerging as another major driver underlying recent reclamation projects to create tourist and green spaces Meanwhile, the study suggests that 70% of recent reclamation has occurred in areas identified as potentially exposed to extreme sea level rise (SLR) by 2100 and this presents a significant challenge to sustainable development at the coast.  

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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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      Earth's Future
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth's Future
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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    Authors: Chaoyue Niu; Klaus-Peter Zauner; Danesh Tarapore;

    Off-road navigation in forest environments is a challenging problem in field robotics. Rovers are required to infer their traversability over a priori unknown and dynamically changing forest terrain using noisy onboard navigation sensors. The problem is compounded for small-sized rovers, such as that of a swarm. Their size-proportional low-viewpoint affords them a restricted view for navigation, which may be partially occluded by forest vegetation. Hand-crafted features, typically employed for terrain traversability analysis, are often brittle and may fail to discriminate obstacles in varying lighting and weather conditions. We design a low-cost navigation system tailored for small-sized forest rovers using self-learned features. The MobileNet-V1 and MobileNet-V2 models, trained following an end-to-end learning approach, are deployed to steer a mobile platform, with a human-in-the-loop, towards traversable paths while avoiding obstacles. Receiving a 128 × 96 pixel RGB image from a monocular camera as input, the algorithm running on a Raspberry Pi 4, exhibited robustness to motion blur, low lighting, shadows and high-contrast lighting conditions. It was able to successfully navigate a total of over 3 km of real-world forest terrain comprising shrubs, dense bushes, tall grass, fallen branches, fallen tree trunks, and standing trees, in over five different weather conditions and four different times of day.

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Forests
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
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    Authors: Mahmoud Wagih; Alex S. Weddell; Steve Beeby;

    Radio frequency identification (RFID) represents an emerging platform for passive RF-powered wireless sensing. Differential Multi-port RFID systems are widely used to enable multiple independent measurands to be gathered, or to overcome channel variations. This paper presents a dual-port/dual-integrated circuit (IC) RFID sensing tag based on a shared aperture dual-polarized microstrip antenna. The tag can be loaded with different sensors where the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one IC is modulated using a sensor, and the other acts as a measurand-insensitive reference, for differential sensing. The 868 MHz tag maintains a minimum unloaded read range of 14 m insensitive to deployment on metals or lossy objects, which represents the longest reported range of a multi-port RFID sensing tag. The tag is loaded with a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to demonstrate its functionality as a battery-less wireless RFID light sensor. Following detailed RF characterization of the LDR, it is shown that the impedance, and consequently the RSSI, of the sensing tag are modulated by changing the light intensity, whereas the reference port maintains a mostly unchanged response for a correlated channel. The proposed tag shows the potential for channel variations-tolerant differential RFID sensing platforms based on polarization-diversity antennas.

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    Sensors
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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      Sensors
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Hye-Jung Cho; Jang-Hwan Jo; Naya Choi; Jisu Choi; +1 Authors

    This study is based on the perspective that picture books about forests can facilitate children’s knowledge and emotions about the forests, functioning as a triggering source to make children act sustainably toward forests. This study used content analysis to explore the presence and association between environmental themes and forest ecosystem services (FES) categories in 169 picture books about forests. The analysis revealed that behavioral themes (e.g. daily environmentally friendly behaviors) and the regulating services (e.g. local climate and air quality control) were less frequently presented in the picture books than other environmental themes and FES. Furthermore, several associations were identified between environmental themes and FES categories. We discuss some implications of the findings for research and practice in using picture books about forests for sustainability education.

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    figshare
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    Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hage, S; Galy, VV; Cartigny, MJB; Heerema, C; +17 Authors

    The delivery and burial of terrestrial particulate organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is important to quantify, because this OC is a food resource for benthic communities, and if buried it may lower the concentrations of atmospheric CO2 over geologic timescales. Analysis of sediment cores has previously shown that fjords are hotspots for OC burial. Fjords can contain complex networks of submarine channels formed by seafloor sediment flows, called turbidity currents. However, the burial efficiency and distribution of OC by turbidity currents in river-fed fjords had not been investigated previously. Here, we determine OC distribution and burial efficiency across a turbidity current system within Bute Inlet, a fjord in western Canada. We show that 62 ± 10 % of the OC supplied by the two river sources is buried across the fjord surficial (30 to 200 cm) sediment. The sandy sub-environments (channel and lobe) contain 63 ± 14 % of the annual terrestrial OC burial in the fjord. In contrast, the muddy sub-environments (overbank and distal basin) contain the remaining 37 ± 14 %. OC in the channel, lobe and overbank exclusively comprises terrestrial OC sourced from rivers. When normalized by the fjord’s surface area, at least three times more terrestrial OC is buried in Bute Inlet, compared to the muddy parts of other fjords previously studied. Although the long-term (>100 year) preservation of this OC is still to be fully understood, turbidity currents in fjords appear to be efficient at storing OC supplied by rivers in their near-surface deposits. Plain Language Summary Plants on land use CO2 from the atmosphere to produce organic carbon, which promotes their growth. Rivers transport organic carbon to the sea, where it is either eaten by fauna or buried in the seafloor, thus decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth over thousands to millions of years. Fjords are recognized as global organic carbon sinks; trapping 18 million tons of organic carbon in their seafloor sediments each year. However, the complex morphology of fjord seafloors was not considered in the calculation of this organic carbon flux. In this study we determine the distribution and abundance of terrestrial organic carbon across a fjord (Bute Inlet, Canada), which contains a submarine channel network terminating onto a large accumulation of sand (called a lobe). We show that 62 % of the organic carbon supplied by the two rivers connected to the fjord is buried across the fjord; the majority of this carbon being held in the lobe. In total, Bute Inlet buries at least three times more organic carbon per unit of surface area than other fjords previously studied. Submarine channels in fjords thus appear to promote the storage of land-derived organic carbon in the seafloor, potentially impacting CO2 levels and food resources for marine fauna. Key Points Bute Inlet, a river-fed fjord incised by turbidity currents, has a contemporary terrestrial organic carbon burial efficiency of 62 ± 10 % Sandy surficial deposits are responsible for 63 ± 14 % of the total terrestrial organic carbon burial budget in Bute Inlet, but only cover 17 % of the seafloor area Global estimates based only on the muddy parts of fjords may significantly underestimate organic carbon burial rates by a factor > 3

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    Authors: Sarchil Hama Qader; Rhorom Priyatikanto; Nabaz R. Khwarahm; Andrew J. Tatem; +1 Authors

    Global change impacts including climate change, increased CO2 and nitrogen deposition can be determined through a more precise characterisation of Land Surface Phenology (LSP) parameters. In addition, accurate estimation of LSP dates is being increasingly used in applications such as mapping vegetation types, yield forecasting, and irrigation management. However, there has not been any attempt to characterise Middle East vegetation phenology at the fine spatial resolution appropriate for such applications. Remote-sensing based approaches have proved to be a useful tool in such regions since access is restricted in some areas due to security issues and their inter-annual vegetation phenology parameters vary considerably because of high uncertainty in rainfall. This study aims to establish for the first time a comprehensive characterisation of the vegetation phenological characteristics of the major vegetation types in the Middle East at a fine spatial resolution of 30 m using Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data over a temporal range of 20 years (2000–2020). Overall, a progressive pattern in phenophases was observed from low to high latitude. The earliest start of the season was concentrated in the central and east of the region associated mainly with grassland and cultivated land, while the significantly delayed end of the season was mainly distributed in northern Turkey and Iran corresponding to the forest, resulting in the prolonged length of the season in the study area. There was a significant positive correlation between LSP parameters and latitude, which indicates a delay in the start of the season of 4.83 days (R2 = 0.86, p R2 = 0.83, p < 0.001) per degree of latitude increase. In addition, we have discussed the advantages of fine resolution LSP parameters over the available coarse datasets and showed how such outputs can improve many applications in the region. This study shows the potential of Landsat data to quantify the LSP of major land cover types in heterogeneous landscapes of the Middle East which enhances our understanding of the spatial-temporal dynamics of vegetation dynamics in arid and semi-arid settings in the world.

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    Authors: Hany F. Atlam; Muhammad Ajmal Azad; Nawfal F. Fadhel;

    Providing a dynamic access control model that uses real-time features to make access decisions for IoT applications is one of the research gaps that many researchers are trying to tackle. This is because existing access control models are built using static and predefined policies that always give the same result in different situations and cannot adapt to changing and unpredicted situations. One of the dynamic models that utilize real-time and contextual features to make access decisions is the risk-based access control model. This model performs a risk analysis on each access request to permit or deny access dynamically based on the estimated risk value. However, the major issue associated with building this model is providing a dynamic, reliable, and accurate risk estimation technique, especially when there is no available dataset to describe risk likelihood and impact. Therefore, this paper proposes a Neuro-Fuzzy System (NFS) model to estimate the security risk value associated with each access request. The proposed NFS model was trained using three learning algorithms: Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Conjugate Gradient with Fletcher–Reeves (CGF), and Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG). The results demonstrated that the LM algorithm is the optimal learning algorithm to implement the NFS model for risk estimation. The results also demonstrated that the proposed NFS model provides a short and efficient processing time, which can provide timeliness risk estimation technique for various IoT applications. The proposed NFS model was evaluated against access control scenarios of a children’s hospital, and the results demonstrated that the proposed model can be applied to provide dynamic and contextual-aware access decisions based on real-time features.

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    Authors: J. E. Hatton; H. C. Ng; L. Meire; E. M. S. Woodward; +6 Authors

    Glaciers and ice sheets are experiencing rapid warming under current climatic change and there is increasing evidence that glacial meltwaters provide key dissolved and dissolvable amorphous nutrients to downstream ecosystems. However, large debate exists around the fate of these nutrients within complex and heterogenous fjord environments, where biogeochemical cycling is still often poorly understood. We combine silicon (Si) concentration data with isotopic compositions to better understand silicon cycling and export in two contrasting fjordic environments in south-west Greenland. We show that both fjords have isotopically light dissolved silicon (DSi) within surface waters, despite an apparently rapid biological drawdown of DSi with increasing salinity. We hypothesize that such observations cannot be explained by simple water mass mixing processes, and postulate that an isotopically light source of Si, most likely glacially derived amorphous silica (ASi), is responsible for further modifying these coastal waters within the fjords and beyond. Fjord to coastal exchange is likely a relatively slow process (several months), and thus is less impacted by short-term (

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      NIOZ Repository
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Serge, Maria-Antonia; Mazier, Florence; Fyfe, Ralph; Gaillard, Marie-José; +136 Authors

    Reliable quantitative vegetation reconstructions for Europe during the Holocene are crucial to improving our understanding of landscape dynamics, making it possible to assess the past effects of environmental variables and land-use change on ecosystems and biodiversity, and mitigating their effects in the future. We present here the most spatially extensive and temporally continuous pollen-based reconstructions of plant cover in Europe (at a spatial resolution of 1° × 1°) over the Holocene (last 11.7 ka BP) using the ‘Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites’ (REVEALS) model. This study has three main aims. First, to present the most accurate and reliable generation of REVEALS reconstructions across Europe so far. This has been achieved by including a larger number of pollen records compared to former analyses, in particular from the Mediterranean area. Second, to discuss methodological issues in the quantification of past land cover by using alternative datasets of relative pollen productivities (RPPs), one of the key input parameters of REVEALS, to test model sensitivity. Finally, to validate our reconstructions with the global forest change dataset. The results suggest that the RPPs.st1 (31 taxa) dataset is best suited to producing regional vegetation cover estimates for Europe. These reconstructions offer a long-term perspective providing unique possibilities to explore spatial-temporal changes in past land cover and biodiversity. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/land12050986/s1. File S1 Glossary of abbreviations used in the paper. This research was funded by the TERRANOVA Project, H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 813904. H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie TERRANOVA Project 813904 Swiss National Science Foundation U.S. National Science Foundation Chinese Academy of Science Swiss Academy of Sciences Linnaeus University’s MERGE PRG323 ETF PRG323

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    Lirias
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    St Andrews Research Repository
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    UiS Brage
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL-INSA Toulouse
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      Article . 2023
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      St Andrews Research Repository
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      UiS Brage
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Karamitrou, Alexandra; Sturt, Fraser; Bogiatzis, Petros;

    UNESCO estimates that our planet’s oceans and lakes are home to more than three million shipwrecks. Of these three million, the locations of only 10% are currently known. Apart from the historical and archaeological interest in finding wrecks, there are other reasons why we need to know their precise locations. While a shipwreck can provide an excellent habitat for marine life, acting as an artificial reef, shipwrecks are also potential sources of pollution, leaking fuel and corroding heavy metals. When a vessel runs aground on an iron-free environment, changes in the chemistry of the surrounding environment can occur, creating a discoloration called black reef. In this work, we examine the use of supervised deep learning methods for the detection of shipwrecks on coral reefs through the presence of this discoloration using satellite images. One of the main challenges is the limited number of known locations of black reefs, and therefore, the limited training dataset. Our results show that even with relatively limited data, the simple eight-layer, fully convolutional network has been trained efficiently using minimal computational resources and has identified and classified all investigated black reefs and consequently the presence of shipwrecks. Furthermore, it has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring the extent of discoloration and consequently the ecological impact on the reef by using time series imagery.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Remote Sensing
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    Authors: Dhritiraj Sengupta; Young Rae Choi; Bo Tian; Sally Brown; +6 Authors

    Increasing population size and economic dependence on the coastal zone, coupled with the growing need for residential, agricultural, industrial, commercial, and green space infrastructure, are key drivers of land reclamation. Until now, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the global distribution of land use on reclaimed space at the coast. Here, we analyse Landsat satellite imagery from 2000 to 2020 to quantify the spatial extent, scale, and land use of urban coastal reclamation for 135 cities with popultions in excess of one million. &#160;Findings indicate that 78% (106/135) of these major coastal cities have resorted to reclamation as a source of new ground, contributing a total of 253,000 ha of additional land to the Earth&#8217;s surface in the 21st century, equivalent to an area the size of Luxembourg. Reclamation is especially prominent in East Asia, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, followed by Western Europe and West Africa. The most common land uses on reclaimed spaces are port extension (>70 cities), followed by residential/commercial (30 cities) and industrial (19 cities). While increased global trade and rapid urbanization have driven these uses, we argue that a city&#8217;s prestigious place-making effort to gain global reputation is emerging as another major driver underlying recent reclamation projects to create tourist and green spaces Meanwhile, the study suggests that 70% of recent reclamation has occurred in areas identified as potentially exposed to extreme sea level rise (SLR) by 2100 and this presents a significant challenge to sustainable development at the coast. &#160;

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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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      Earth's Future
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      Earth's Future
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/egusph...
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    Authors: Chaoyue Niu; Klaus-Peter Zauner; Danesh Tarapore;

    Off-road navigation in forest environments is a challenging problem in field robotics. Rovers are required to infer their traversability over a priori unknown and dynamically changing forest terrain using noisy onboard navigation sensors. The problem is compounded for small-sized rovers, such as that of a swarm. Their size-proportional low-viewpoint affords them a restricted view for navigation, which may be partially occluded by forest vegetation. Hand-crafted features, typically employed for terrain traversability analysis, are often brittle and may fail to discriminate obstacles in varying lighting and weather conditions. We design a low-cost navigation system tailored for small-sized forest rovers using self-learned features. The MobileNet-V1 and MobileNet-V2 models, trained following an end-to-end learning approach, are deployed to steer a mobile platform, with a human-in-the-loop, towards traversable paths while avoiding obstacles. Receiving a 128 × 96 pixel RGB image from a monocular camera as input, the algorithm running on a Raspberry Pi 4, exhibited robustness to motion blur, low lighting, shadows and high-contrast lighting conditions. It was able to successfully navigate a total of over 3 km of real-world forest terrain comprising shrubs, dense bushes, tall grass, fallen branches, fallen tree trunks, and standing trees, in over five different weather conditions and four different times of day.

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Forests
    Article . 2023
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      Forests
      Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Forests
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    Authors: Mahmoud Wagih; Alex S. Weddell; Steve Beeby;

    Radio frequency identification (RFID) represents an emerging platform for passive RF-powered wireless sensing. Differential Multi-port RFID systems are widely used to enable multiple independent measurands to be gathered, or to overcome channel variations. This paper presents a dual-port/dual-integrated circuit (IC) RFID sensing tag based on a shared aperture dual-polarized microstrip antenna. The tag can be loaded with different sensors where the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one IC is modulated using a sensor, and the other acts as a measurand-insensitive reference, for differential sensing. The 868 MHz tag maintains a minimum unloaded read range of 14 m insensitive to deployment on metals or lossy objects, which represents the longest reported range of a multi-port RFID sensing tag. The tag is loaded with a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to demonstrate its functionality as a battery-less wireless RFID light sensor. Following detailed RF characterization of the LDR, it is shown that the impedance, and consequently the RSSI, of the sensing tag are modulated by changing the light intensity, whereas the reference port maintains a mostly unchanged response for a correlated channel. The proposed tag shows the potential for channel variations-tolerant differential RFID sensing platforms based on polarization-diversity antennas.

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    Sensors
    Other literature type . Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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    Sensors
    Article . 2022
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      Sensors
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      Sensors
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Hye-Jung Cho; Jang-Hwan Jo; Naya Choi; Jisu Choi; +1 Authors

    This study is based on the perspective that picture books about forests can facilitate children’s knowledge and emotions about the forests, functioning as a triggering source to make children act sustainably toward forests. This study used content analysis to explore the presence and association between environmental themes and forest ecosystem services (FES) categories in 169 picture books about forests. The analysis revealed that behavioral themes (e.g. daily environmentally friendly behaviors) and the regulating services (e.g. local climate and air quality control) were less frequently presented in the picture books than other environmental themes and FES. Furthermore, several associations were identified between environmental themes and FES categories. We discuss some implications of the findings for research and practice in using picture books about forests for sustainability education.

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    Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Forest Research
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    Authors: Hage, S; Galy, VV; Cartigny, MJB; Heerema, C; +17 Authors

    The delivery and burial of terrestrial particulate organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is important to quantify, because this OC is a food resource for benthic communities, and if buried it may lower the concentrations of atmospheric CO2 over geologic timescales. Analysis of sediment cores has previously shown that fjords are hotspots for OC burial. Fjords can contain complex networks of submarine channels formed by seafloor sediment flows, called turbidity currents. However, the burial efficiency and distribution of OC by turbidity currents in river-fed fjords had not been investigated previously. Here, we determine OC distribution and burial efficiency across a turbidity current system within Bute Inlet, a fjord in western Canada. We show that 62 ± 10 % of the OC supplied by the two river sources is buried across the fjord surficial (30 to 200 cm) sediment. The sandy sub-environments (channel and lobe) contain 63 ± 14 % of the annual terrestrial OC burial in the fjord. In contrast, the muddy sub-environments (overbank and distal basin) contain the remaining 37 ± 14 %. OC in the channel, lobe and overbank exclusively comprises terrestrial OC sourced from rivers. When normalized by the fjord’s surface area, at least three times more terrestrial OC is buried in Bute Inlet, compared to the muddy parts of other fjords previously studied. Although the long-term (>100 year) preservation of this OC is still to be fully understood, turbidity currents in fjords appear to be efficient at storing OC supplied by rivers in their near-surface deposits. Plain Language Summary Plants on land use CO2 from the atmosphere to produce organic carbon, which promotes their growth. Rivers transport organic carbon to the sea, where it is either eaten by fauna or buried in the seafloor, thus decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth over thousands to millions of years. Fjords are recognized as global organic carbon sinks; trapping 18 million tons of organic carbon in their seafloor sediments each year. However, the complex morphology of fjord seafloors was not considered in the calculation of this organic carbon flux. In this study we determine the distribution and abundance of terrestrial organic carbon across a fjord (Bute Inlet, Canada), which contains a submarine channel network terminating onto a large accumulation of sand (called a lobe). We show that 62 % of the organic carbon supplied by the two rivers connected to the fjord is buried across the fjord; the majority of this carbon being held in the lobe. In total, Bute Inlet buries at least three times more organic carbon per unit of surface area than other fjords previously studied. Submarine channels in fjords thus appear to promote the storage of land-derived organic carbon in the seafloor, potentially impacting CO2 levels and food resources for marine fauna. Key Points Bute Inlet, a river-fed fjord incised by turbidity currents, has a contemporary terrestrial organic carbon burial efficiency of 62 ± 10 % Sandy surficial deposits are responsible for 63 ± 14 % of the total terrestrial organic carbon burial budget in Bute Inlet, but only cover 17 % of the seafloor area Global estimates based only on the muddy parts of fjords may significantly underestimate organic carbon burial rates by a factor > 3

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    Authors: Sarchil Hama Qader; Rhorom Priyatikanto; Nabaz R. Khwarahm; Andrew J. Tatem; +1 Authors

    Global change impacts including climate change, increased CO2 and nitrogen deposition can be determined through a more precise characterisation of Land Surface Phenology (LSP) parameters. In addition, accurate estimation of LSP dates is being increasingly used in applications such as mapping vegetation types, yield forecasting, and irrigation management. However, there has not been any attempt to characterise Middle East vegetation phenology at the fine spatial resolution appropriate for such applications. Remote-sensing based approaches have proved to be a useful tool in such regions since access is restricted in some areas due to security issues and their inter-annual vegetation phenology parameters vary considerably because of high uncertainty in rainfall. This study aims to establish for the first time a comprehensive characterisation of the vegetation phenological characteristics of the major vegetation types in the Middle East at a fine spatial resolution of 30 m using Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data over a temporal range of 20 years (2000–2020). Overall, a progressive pattern in phenophases was observed from low to high latitude. The earliest start of the season was concentrated in the central and east of the region associated mainly with grassland and cultivated land, while the significantly delayed end of the season was mainly distributed in northern Turkey and Iran corresponding to the forest, resulting in the prolonged length of the season in the study area. There was a significant positive correlation between LSP parameters and latitude, which indicates a delay in the start of the season of 4.83 days (R2 = 0.86, p R2 = 0.83, p < 0.001) per degree of latitude increase. In addition, we have discussed the advantages of fine resolution LSP parameters over the available coarse datasets and showed how such outputs can improve many applications in the region. This study shows the potential of Landsat data to quantify the LSP of major land cover types in heterogeneous landscapes of the Middle East which enhances our understanding of the spatial-temporal dynamics of vegetation dynamics in arid and semi-arid settings in the world.

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    Authors: Hany F. Atlam; Muhammad Ajmal Azad; Nawfal F. Fadhel;

    Providing a dynamic access control model that uses real-time features to make access decisions for IoT applications is one of the research gaps that many researchers are trying to tackle. This is because existing access control models are built using static and predefined policies that always give the same result in different situations and cannot adapt to changing and unpredicted situations. One of the dynamic models that utilize real-time and contextual features to make access decisions is the risk-based access control model. This model performs a risk analysis on each access request to permit or deny access dynamically based on the estimated risk value. However, the major issue associated with building this model is providing a dynamic, reliable, and accurate risk estimation technique, especially when there is no available dataset to describe risk likelihood and impact. Therefore, this paper proposes a Neuro-Fuzzy System (NFS) model to estimate the security risk value associated with each access request. The proposed NFS model was trained using three learning algorithms: Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Conjugate Gradient with Fletcher–Reeves (CGF), and Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG). The results demonstrated that the LM algorithm is the optimal learning algorithm to implement the NFS model for risk estimation. The results also demonstrated that the proposed NFS model provides a short and efficient processing time, which can provide timeliness risk estimation technique for various IoT applications. The proposed NFS model was evaluated against access control scenarios of a children’s hospital, and the results demonstrated that the proposed model can be applied to provide dynamic and contextual-aware access decisions based on real-time features.

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