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International audience

International audience; Transformative changes in agriculture at multiple scales are needed to ensure sustainability, i.e. achieving food security while fostering social justice and environmental integrity. These transformations go beyond technological fixes and require fundamental changes in cognitive, relational, structural and functional aspects of agricultural systems. However, research on agricultural transformations fails to engage deeply with underlying social aspects such as differing perceptions of sustainability, uncertainties and ambiguities, politics of knowledge, power imbalances and deficits in democracy. In this paper, we suggest that conflict is one manifestation of such underlying social aspects. We present an original conceptualization and analytical framework, wherein conflict is recognized as an important motor for redistribution of power and leverage for social learning that—if addressed through a conflict transformation process—could potentially create a step-change in agricultural transformation towards greater sustainability. Our analysis, building on an extensive literature review and empirical case studies from around the world, suggests a novel approach to guide future transdisciplinary research that can support agricultural transformations towards sustainability.

Actes du colloque de Montpellier, 15-16 novembre 2018; International audience; Bouvard et Pécuchet a d’emblée été conçu par Flaubert comme « un roman moderne faisant la contrepartie de Saint Antoine ». L’un comme l’autre questionnent les appartenances génériques : roman et encyclopédie pour le premier, roman et théâtre pour le second. Les deux œuvres démarquent et fusionnent d’un même mouvement ; elles se sont développées dans les marges, en jouant avec les frontières – et en se jouant des genres littéraires reçus. Cette plasticité générique est l’une des déclinaisons de leur rapport au monstrueux qui s’écrit dans un constant décalage par rapport aux normes. Par un effet de mise en abîme, et en raison d’une structure particulièrement accueillante, ces deux œuvres mettent toutes deux en scène un certain nombre de monstres, fantasmagoriques ou mythologiques pour l’une, matériels, physiologiques, sociaux et moraux, pour l’autre. Cette circulation du monstrueux interroge, en particulier dans le cadre de Bouvard , où le monstrueux intentionnel se complique d’un monstrueux accidentel, le caractère inachevé de l’œuvre exposant à la vue de tous l’informe par excellence, c’est-à-dire les matériaux d’une genèse définitivement inaboutie – pourtant sommés de tenir lieu d’œuvre.

International audience; Cette recherche a pour but d'analyser et de comprendre les raisons de l'échec du parc agro-industriel de Bukanga-Lonzo qui a été utilisé de 2014 à 2018 comme projet-pilote d'une série de vingt (20) PAI qui devaient être implantés en RDC avec l'appui de la Banque mondiale et de la Banque africaine de développement.

Abstract A major challenge for agriculture in the early years of the 21st century is to develop cropping systems better able to cope with continuing climate change. These new systems must also be more sustainable and so must have fewer negative environmental effects. An element of such new systems could be the introduction of greater genetic diversity in our crops. Diversity can be viewed at different levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, and functional diversity. These will likely interact synergistically to increase the benefits gained beyond a simple additive function. Various examples will be given to illustrate how diversity within and among species may provide increased stability of biomass production and improved ecosystem services. The introduction of greater diversity to agroecosystems appears to be a promising way in which production systems may better adapt to climate change. It is also important we work to combine knowledge from a number of different research fields to design optimal mixtures of species and genotypes and improved ecosystem services.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmesChapter 1; International audience; The Green Revolution and the introduction of chemical fertilizers, synthetic pesticides and high yield crops had enabled to increase food production in the mid and late 20th. The benefits of this agricultural intensification have however reached their limits since yields are no longer increasing for many crops, negative externalities on the environment and human health are now recognized and economic inequality between farmers have increased. Agroecology has been proposed to secure food supply with fewer or lower negative environmental and social impacts than intensive agriculture. Agroecology principles are based on the recognition that biodiversity in agroecosystems can provide more than only food, fibre and timber. Hence, biodiversity and its associated functions, such as pollination, pest control, and mechanisms that maintain or improve soil fertility, may improve production efficiency and sustainability of agroecosystems. Although appealing, promoting ecological-based agricultural production is not straightforward since agroecosystems are socio-ecosystems with complex interactions between the ecological and social systems that act at different spatial and temporal scales. To be operational, agroecology thus requires understanding the relationships between biodiversity, functions and management, as well as to take into account the links between agriculture, ecology and the society. Here we review current knowledge on (i) the effect of landscape context on biodiversity and ecosystem functions and (ii) trophic and non-trophic interactions in ecological networks in agroecosystems. In particular, many insights have been made these two previous decades on (i) the interacting effects of management and landscape characteristics on biodiversity, (ii) the crucial role of plant diversity in delivering multiple services and (iii) the variety of ecological belowground mechanisms determining soil fertility in interaction with aboveground processes. However, we also pinpointed the absence of consensus on the effects of landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and the need for a better mechanistic understanding of the effects of landscape and agricultural variables on farmland food webs and related services. We end by proposing new research avenues to fill knowledge gaps and implement agroecological principles within operational management strategies.

La présente note s'inscrit dans la volonté de participer à la réflexion engagée par la région Nouvelle Aquitaine sur la gestion de l'eau en regard des récents épisodes de sécheresse et de la perspective du changement climatique annoncé. L'Institut de droit rural de Poitiers, à travers de multiples travaux, s'est intéressé à la politique de l'eau en lien avec les activités agricoles. Il en est ressorti certains constats et conclusions concernant notre territoire.

This protocol defines the procedure to conduct a systematic literature review on adaptive middleware support for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-physical Systems (CPS). The mentioned concepts deal with smart interactive objects which provide a set of services, but they look into the problem from various perspectives. We especially look into middleware design decisions for reactive/proactive adaptations. Following a systematic literature review (SLR) in the selection procedure, we selected 62 papers among 4,274 candidate studies. To this end, we applied the classification and extraction framework to select and analyze the most influential domain-related information. In addition to the academic database, we took advantage of the use-cases provided by our industrial partners within the CPS4EU 2 project. This document clarifies the primary studies' selection process. The analysis of the studies, discussion, and solution proposals will be presented separately in a journal article.