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  • Rural Digital Europe
  • 2012-2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lars-Olof Johansson; Livia Norström; Anna Sigridur Islind; Ulrika Lundh Snis;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ http://scholarspace....arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    http://scholarspace.manoa.hawa...
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    https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss...
    Conference object . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ http://scholarspace....arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss...
      Conference object . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Dean B. Carson; Þóroddur Bjarnason; Olof Andreas Stjernström;

    ‘Youth out-migration’ is commonly perceived as a problem for rural areas, contributing to declining demographic and economic conditions. This chapter explores the history of youth out-migration in northern Sweden, showing that it is a long-term persistent phenomenon, and that there are only very weak relationships between levels of youth out-migration and demographic and economic performance. Furthermore, in very recent times there has been a large influx of youth into the rural north, and the majority of youth born in the north do not leave. Comparisons with Iceland suggest that it is not youth who drive demographic change, but older adults.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Helgi Gunnlaugsson;

    Beer was prohibited in Iceland from 1915 until the ban was finally lifted by parliament (Alþingi) in 1989; but wine has been legally imported since 1922, as have all other alcoholic beverages since 1935. Using records of parliamentary debates, newspaper accounts, interviews, and census data, this chapter will examine the main arguments used for and against the law in Alþingi. Various side effects and unintended consequences of prohibition will also be revealed in this chapter. Opposition to beer in Iceland was found to be strongest among Alþingi members from rural areas and traditional socialist parties. The most influential argument against beer alone was that adolescents are particularly susceptible to the temptation to drink beer. Similarly, prohibition of marijuana has had the same objective: To save youth from what is perceived as a major threat to their well-being. Opponents of the beer ban in Alþingi pointed out the peculiar nature of the law allowing hard liquor but prohibiting the weakest substance of all, beer. More liberal alcohol policies have indisputably increased the total amount of alcohol consumed in Iceland in recent years.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sigurðardóttir, Ingibjörg;

    Í þessari grein er skoðað hvað einkenni þróun fyrirtækja í hestamennsku (e. horse industry) á Íslandi og hverjar séu helstu ástæður þess að hestamennska sem áhugamál eða lífsstíll er þróuð yfir í fyrirtæki. Auk þess er rýnt í það hver sé þáttur ferðaþjónustu í þróun hestamennsku sem atvinnugreinar á Íslandi. Skoðað er hvernig hestamennska og ferðamennska mætast í fjölþættri og ört vaxandi atvinnustarfsemi, ekki síst í dreifbýli. Talsverðar rannsóknir eru til um einkenni og þróun lífsstílsfyrirtækja m.a. í ferðaþjónustu en lítið er um rannsóknir meðal slíkra fyrirtækja í hestamennsku. Rannsóknin var eigindleg og framkvæmd í gegnum hálfopin viðtöl við 16 rekstraraðila í hestamennsku. Vísbendingar komu fram um að fyrirtæki í hestamennsku gangi fremur milli kynslóða en ferðaþjónustufyrirtæki almennt, sem kemur nokkuð á óvart og vekur athygli á mögulegri sérstöðu hestamennsku og hestatengdrar ferðaþjónustu samanborið við önnur form ferðaþjónustu. Tengsl hestamennsku og ferðaþjónustu eru fjölþætt og spanna allt frá því að fyrirtæki í hestamennsku hafi tekjur sínar eingöngu af ferðaþjónustu yfir í að fyrirtækin hafi engin bein tengsl við ferðaþjónustu. Leitt er líkum að því að í þeim fyrirtækjum þar sem ferðaþjónusta hefur ekki bein áhrif innan fyrirtækjanna sjálfra hafi ferðalög tengd þeim töluverð óbein efnahagsleg áhrif innan ferðaþjónustunnar. This paper deals with what identifies the development of equestrian businesses in Iceland and why the lifestyle and hobby of the equestrian business operators was developed into a business or profession. The importance of tourism in this development is also analysed. The paper looks into how the horse industry and the tourism industry are intertwined in a thriving industry of equestrian tourism in Iceland, particularly in rural areas. The research was qualitative and conducted through open ended interviews with 16 operators within the horse industry in Iceland. The findings indicate that it is more likely that horse based businesses, including horse tourism businesses, are to be passed forward to new generations of operators than tourism businesses in general. Relations of the horse industry in one hand and the tourism industry on the other seem to be important. Businesses combining tourism and different kinds of horse based activities seem to be common. The combination varies from horse businesses with no direct relations to tourism to businesses entirely basing their income on tourism. It is however concluded that activities related to horse based businesses not offering tourism services do increase tourism in Iceland in an indirect way. Ritrýnt tímarit Peer Reviewed

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    Opin visindi
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Opin visindiarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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      Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Meckl, Markus; Gunnþórsdóttir, Hermína; Aradóttir, Lilja Rós; Viðarsdóttir, Karitas Nína; +11 Authors

    Þessi ritrýnda útgáfa er afrakstur rannsóknaverkefnisins Inclusive Societies? The Integration of Immigrants in Iceland. Rannsóknin var styrkt af Rannsóknasjóði Rannís (styrkur nr. 184903-051). Peer Reviewed

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    Report . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Report . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Elin S. Olafsdottir; Thor Aspelund; Johanna E. Torfadottir; Laufey Steingrimsdottir; +6 Authors

    Introduction Sedentary lifestyle and energy rich food have been associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes; limited data are available on environmental conditions in childhood on this risk later in life. The objective was to study if residency in the first 20 years of life affected the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Methods In a cohort of 17811 men (48%) and women, mean age 53 years (range 33-81) participating in the population-based Reykjavik Study from 1967-91, 29% grew up in rural and 35% in coastal areas for an average of 20 years before moving to urban Reykjavik, but 36% lived in Reykjavik from birth. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes according to residency in early life was examined. Results The relative risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 43% lower in men (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.43-0.77) and 26% lower (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.56-0.99) in women living in rural areas for the first 20 years of their life compared with those living in urban Reykjavik from birth. The low prevalence among those that grew up in rural areas was maintained through the age categories of 55-64 years and 65 years and older. Conclusions Our findings indicate that persons growing up in rural areas in early 20th century Iceland had lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life when compared with peers living in Reykjavik from birth. We postulate a prolonged effect of early development on glucose metabolism and risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Icelandic Medical Jo...arrow_drop_down
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    Icelandic Medical Journal
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Icelandic Medical Journal
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      Icelandic Medical Journal
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Icelandic Medical Journal
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    Authors: Senephansiri, Phasouk; Laummaunwai, Porntip; Laymanivong, Sakorn; Boonmar, Thidarut;

    The present study was performed to reveal the current status and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in the villages of Kenethao district, Xayaburi Province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected and examined for S. stercoralis using Koga-agar plate culture technique. Among 516 individuals, the prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm infection was 44.2% and 17.1%, respectively. Co-infection was detected in 13.2% of the cases. The prevalence did not significantly differ between males and females (P=0.193). However, the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection increased significantly with age (P=0.041). Of the risk factors examined, both performing farming activities (P=0.001) and walking barefoot when going outside of the house (P=0.003) showed significant correlations with S. stercoralis infections. Our results suggest that S. stercoralis is highly endemic in this area. The National Helminth Control Program of Lao PDR should take actions to control S. stercoralis infection. In addition, provision of health education about the benefits of wearing shoes would be important for reducing infection in the study area. Moreover, the application of high-sensitivity diagnostic approaches is needed to obtain the true impact of S. stercoralis infections in all rural communities in order to provide surveillance activities in Lao PDR.

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    Korean Journal of Parasitology
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Korean Journal of Parasitology
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      Korean Journal of Parasitology
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      Korean Journal of Parasitology
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sverrisdottir, U; Jonsdottir, F; Gunnarsdottir, AI; Hardardottir, H; +1 Authors

    Background It is believed that 90% of pregnant females take medicine sometime during their pregnancy. To prevent harmful effects caused by use of medication during pregnancy accessible evidence-based information is important, but lacking. Purpose To explore the use of medication, vitamins and natural products during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy along with satisfaction and usage of information sources among pregnant females. The practice of midwives and physicians to obtain and provide information about the use of medication and natural products during pregnancy was also examined. Material and methods The study was conducted at the university hospital in Iceland in 2017. A questionnaire was submitted to pregnant females in the form of an interview following a 20 weeks’ pregnancy ultrasound appointment. An online questionnaire was sent via e-mail to all members of the Icelandic medical association and the Icelandic midwives’ association. Results About 90% of the 213 participants used medication once or more often during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. About 80% of the medicines belonged to safety classes A and B, but 20% to classes C and D. Ninety-seven per cent of the participants used vitamins, with folic acid and vitamin D being the most common. Only 14% of the participants did not use folic acid and low usage was associated with living in rural areas (p=0.03) and young age (p=0.019). Natural products were used by 14% of the participants. The majority of the pregnant females (81%) were satisfied with the information they received when a drug was prescribed to them. Their most commonly used sources of information were the internet (51%) and midwives (44%). Approximately 40% (82) of midwives and physicians found access to information regarding medication use during pregnancy insufficient and 50% found it difficult to interpret the information available. About 50% of the participants felt qualified to give advice to pregnant females about medication use, but only 24% about the use of natural products. Conclusion The use of medication and supplements during pregnancy is common. Most medicines being used are safe. The majority take folic acid and vitamin D. There is however an opportunity to make improvements regarding information sources for professionals. No conflict of interest

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    Europe PubMed Central
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    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
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    https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpha...
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Sæþórsdóttir, Anna; Stefánsson, Þorkell;

    Opportunities in the tourism industry along with the harnessing of energy resources are commonly referred to as means of dealing with changes in employment structure, to counteract depopulation in rural areas, and as a way to create capital. Both fields utilize nature as a resource, but can they coexist or are conflicts foreseeable? In order to find out whether the tourist industry consider that proposed power plant developments will diminish the possibilities of the tourism sector to strengthen local settlements semi-structured interviews were conducted with 65 tourist service providers in six different parts of Iceland. In the opinion of the interviewees the tourism sector is the industry that offers the best long-term possibilities to strengthen the economy in rural areas and most of them had seen clear indications of this in recent years. Many interviewees felt that energy production and tourism do not concur because the negative effects energy production can have on nature, the core resource for the tourist industry. Uncertainty over where power developments will be located was thought to have delayed investment and marketing efforts in certain areas. A few of the interviewees mentioned examples of successful cohabitation of energy production and tourism and it was pointed out that favourable collaboration between the two industries could diminish their conflict of interest. Moreover, it was stated that the income from both industries could reach the areas where it was generated more effectively. Tækifæri á sviði ferðaþjónustu og nýtingar orkuauðlinda eru oft nefnd sem leiðir til þess að takast á við breytta atvinnuhætti, sporna við fólksfækkun í dreifbýli og skapa verðmæti. Báðar greinarnar nýta náttúruna sem auðlind en geta þær farið saman eða eru fyrirsjáanlegir hagsmunaárekstrar milli þeirra? Til þess að komast að því hvort ferðaþjónustuaðilar telji fyrirhugaðar virkjunarhugmyndir rýra möguleika ferðaþjónustunnar til að efla byggð í landinu voru tekin hálfstöðluð viðtöl við 65 ferðaþjónustuaðila á sex svæðum á landinu. Að mati viðmælenda er ferðaþjónustan sú atvinnugrein sem býður upp á mesta möguleika til framtíðar til að efla atvinnulíf í dreifbýli og höfðu þeir flestir séð þess glögg merki undanfarin ár. Margir viðmælenda töldu orkuvinnslu og ferðaþjónustu fara illa saman vegna neikvæðra áhrifa orkuvinnslu á náttúruna, grundvallarauðlind ferðaþjónustunnar. Óvissa um hvar verður virkjað í framtíðinni þótti jafnframt hafa tafið fyrir fjárfestingu og markaðssetningu í ferðaþjónustu á ákveðnum svæðum. Nokkrir viðmælenda nefndu dæmi um farsæla sambúð orkuframleiðslu og ferðaþjónustu og kom fram að góð samvinna milli greinanna gæti dregið úr hagsmunaárekstrum á milli þeirra. Þeir töldu að tekjur af báðum atvinnugreinunum mættu skila sér betur til svæðanna þar sem þær verða til. Peer Reviewed

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    Opin visindi
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    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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      Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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    Authors: Thoroddur Bjarnason; Ingi Runar Edvardsson;

    Low levels of education have serious social, economic and cultural ramifications in rural areas. In many countries, regional universities have explicitly been built to educate the local population, create professional jobs and stimulate innovation. More recently, distance education has been developed to provide university education in rural regions and diminish brain drain towards urban centres. In this study, the pathways of Icelandic university graduates are traced from place of origin to residence five years after graduation. An overwhelming majority of local students at the national University of Iceland (UI) remain in the Reykjavík Capital Area after graduation, while others mostly emigrate abroad. Only about one in three UI students from regions beyond commuting distance return after graduation, while about half remain in the capital area and others mostly emigrate. The regional University of Akureyri (UNAK) in Northern Iceland is relatively successful in retaining graduates from North Central region, but on-campus students from regions beyond commuting distance from UNAK are no more likely to return after graduation than their UI counterparts. In sharp contrast, about three in four UNAK distance students remain in their region of origin after graduation. While regional universities may primarily strengthen regional centres, distance education has the potential to enhance educational levels in more distant exurban, micropolitan and rural areas. This work was supported by the Icelandic Rural Research Fund. The contribution of Ingolfur Arnarson, Kolbrun Osk Baldursdottir and Skuli Skulason in the collection of data and formulation of the research project is gratefully acknowledged. Peer Reviewed

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    Opin visindi
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Rural Studies
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lars-Olof Johansson; Livia Norström; Anna Sigridur Islind; Ulrika Lundh Snis;
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    http://scholarspace.manoa.hawa...
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    https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss...
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      https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Dean B. Carson; Þóroddur Bjarnason; Olof Andreas Stjernström;

    ‘Youth out-migration’ is commonly perceived as a problem for rural areas, contributing to declining demographic and economic conditions. This chapter explores the history of youth out-migration in northern Sweden, showing that it is a long-term persistent phenomenon, and that there are only very weak relationships between levels of youth out-migration and demographic and economic performance. Furthermore, in very recent times there has been a large influx of youth into the rural north, and the majority of youth born in the north do not leave. Comparisons with Iceland suggest that it is not youth who drive demographic change, but older adults.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-98...
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Helgi Gunnlaugsson;

    Beer was prohibited in Iceland from 1915 until the ban was finally lifted by parliament (Alþingi) in 1989; but wine has been legally imported since 1922, as have all other alcoholic beverages since 1935. Using records of parliamentary debates, newspaper accounts, interviews, and census data, this chapter will examine the main arguments used for and against the law in Alþingi. Various side effects and unintended consequences of prohibition will also be revealed in this chapter. Opposition to beer in Iceland was found to be strongest among Alþingi members from rural areas and traditional socialist parties. The most influential argument against beer alone was that adolescents are particularly susceptible to the temptation to drink beer. Similarly, prohibition of marijuana has had the same objective: To save youth from what is perceived as a major threat to their well-being. Opponents of the beer ban in Alþingi pointed out the peculiar nature of the law allowing hard liquor but prohibiting the weakest substance of all, beer. More liberal alcohol policies have indisputably increased the total amount of alcohol consumed in Iceland in recent years.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sigurðardóttir, Ingibjörg;

    Í þessari grein er skoðað hvað einkenni þróun fyrirtækja í hestamennsku (e. horse industry) á Íslandi og hverjar séu helstu ástæður þess að hestamennska sem áhugamál eða lífsstíll er þróuð yfir í fyrirtæki. Auk þess er rýnt í það hver sé þáttur ferðaþjónustu í þróun hestamennsku sem atvinnugreinar á Íslandi. Skoðað er hvernig hestamennska og ferðamennska mætast í fjölþættri og ört vaxandi atvinnustarfsemi, ekki síst í dreifbýli. Talsverðar rannsóknir eru til um einkenni og þróun lífsstílsfyrirtækja m.a. í ferðaþjónustu en lítið er um rannsóknir meðal slíkra fyrirtækja í hestamennsku. Rannsóknin var eigindleg og framkvæmd í gegnum hálfopin viðtöl við 16 rekstraraðila í hestamennsku. Vísbendingar komu fram um að fyrirtæki í hestamennsku gangi fremur milli kynslóða en ferðaþjónustufyrirtæki almennt, sem kemur nokkuð á óvart og vekur athygli á mögulegri sérstöðu hestamennsku og hestatengdrar ferðaþjónustu samanborið við önnur form ferðaþjónustu. Tengsl hestamennsku og ferðaþjónustu eru fjölþætt og spanna allt frá því að fyrirtæki í hestamennsku hafi tekjur sínar eingöngu af ferðaþjónustu yfir í að fyrirtækin hafi engin bein tengsl við ferðaþjónustu. Leitt er líkum að því að í þeim fyrirtækjum þar sem ferðaþjónusta hefur ekki bein áhrif innan fyrirtækjanna sjálfra hafi ferðalög tengd þeim töluverð óbein efnahagsleg áhrif innan ferðaþjónustunnar. This paper deals with what identifies the development of equestrian businesses in Iceland and why the lifestyle and hobby of the equestrian business operators was developed into a business or profession. The importance of tourism in this development is also analysed. The paper looks into how the horse industry and the tourism industry are intertwined in a thriving industry of equestrian tourism in Iceland, particularly in rural areas. The research was qualitative and conducted through open ended interviews with 16 operators within the horse industry in Iceland. The findings indicate that it is more likely that horse based businesses, including horse tourism businesses, are to be passed forward to new generations of operators than tourism businesses in general. Relations of the horse industry in one hand and the tourism industry on the other seem to be important. Businesses combining tourism and different kinds of horse based activities seem to be common. The combination varies from horse businesses with no direct relations to tourism to businesses entirely basing their income on tourism. It is however concluded that activities related to horse based businesses not offering tourism services do increase tourism in Iceland in an indirect way. Ritrýnt tímarit Peer Reviewed

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    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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      Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
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    Authors: Meckl, Markus; Gunnþórsdóttir, Hermína; Aradóttir, Lilja Rós; Viðarsdóttir, Karitas Nína; +11 Authors

    Þessi ritrýnda útgáfa er afrakstur rannsóknaverkefnisins Inclusive Societies? The Integration of Immigrants in Iceland. Rannsóknin var styrkt af Rannsóknasjóði Rannís (styrkur nr. 184903-051). Peer Reviewed

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    Authors: Elin S. Olafsdottir; Thor Aspelund; Johanna E. Torfadottir; Laufey Steingrimsdottir; +6 Authors

    Introduction Sedentary lifestyle and energy rich food have been associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes; limited data are available on environmental conditions in childhood on this risk later in life. The objective was to study if residency in the first 20 years of life affected the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Methods In a cohort of 17811 men (48%) and women, mean age 53 years (range 33-81) participating in the population-based Reykjavik Study from 1967-91, 29% grew up in rural and 35% in coastal areas for an average of 20 years before moving to urban Reykjavik, but 36% lived in Reykjavik from birth. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes according to residency in early life was examined. Results The relative risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 43% lower in men (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.43-0.77) and 26% lower (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.56-0.99) in women living in rural areas for the first 20 years of their life compared with those living in urban Reykjavik from birth. The low prevalence among those that grew up in rural areas was maintained through the age categories of 55-64 years and 65 years and older. Conclusions Our findings indicate that persons growing up in rural areas in early 20th century Iceland had lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life when compared with peers living in Reykjavik from birth. We postulate a prolonged effect of early development on glucose metabolism and risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

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    Icelandic Medical Journal
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Icelandic Medical Journal
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      Icelandic Medical Journal
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      Icelandic Medical Journal
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    Authors: Senephansiri, Phasouk; Laummaunwai, Porntip; Laymanivong, Sakorn; Boonmar, Thidarut;

    The present study was performed to reveal the current status and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in the villages of Kenethao district, Xayaburi Province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected and examined for S. stercoralis using Koga-agar plate culture technique. Among 516 individuals, the prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm infection was 44.2% and 17.1%, respectively. Co-infection was detected in 13.2% of the cases. The prevalence did not significantly differ between males and females (P=0.193). However, the prevalence of S. stercoralis infection increased significantly with age (P=0.041). Of the risk factors examined, both performing farming activities (P=0.001) and walking barefoot when going outside of the house (P=0.003) showed significant correlations with S. stercoralis infections. Our results suggest that S. stercoralis is highly endemic in this area. The National Helminth Control Program of Lao PDR should take actions to control S. stercoralis infection. In addition, provision of health education about the benefits of wearing shoes would be important for reducing infection in the study area. Moreover, the application of high-sensitivity diagnostic approaches is needed to obtain the true impact of S. stercoralis infections in all rural communities in order to provide surveillance activities in Lao PDR.

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    Korean Journal of Parasitology
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    Korean Journal of Parasitology
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    Authors: Sverrisdottir, U; Jonsdottir, F; Gunnarsdottir, AI; Hardardottir, H; +1 Authors

    Background It is believed that 90% of pregnant females take medicine sometime during their pregnancy. To prevent harmful effects caused by use of medication during pregnancy accessible evidence-based information is important, but lacking. Purpose To explore the use of medication, vitamins and natural products during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy along with satisfaction and usage of information sources among pregnant females. The practice of midwives and physicians to obtain and provide information about the use of medication and natural products during pregnancy was also examined. Material and methods The study was conducted at the university hospital in Iceland in 2017. A questionnaire was submitted to pregnant females in the form of an interview following a 20 weeks’ pregnancy ultrasound appointment. An online questionnaire was sent via e-mail to all members of the Icelandic medical association and the Icelandic midwives’ association. Results About 90% of the 213 participants used medication once or more often during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. About 80% of the medicines belonged to safety classes A and B, but 20% to classes C and D. Ninety-seven per cent of the participants used vitamins, with folic acid and vitamin D being the most common. Only 14% of the participants did not use folic acid and low usage was associated with living in rural areas (p=0.03) and young age (p=0.019). Natural products were used by 14% of the participants. The majority of the pregnant females (81%) were satisfied with the information they received when a drug was prescribed to them. Their most commonly used sources of information were the internet (51%) and midwives (44%). Approximately 40% (82) of midwives and physicians found access to information regarding medication use during pregnancy insufficient and 50% found it difficult to interpret the information available. About 50% of the participants felt qualified to give advice to pregnant females about medication use, but only 24% about the use of natural products. Conclusion The use of medication and supplements during pregnancy is common. Most medicines being used are safe. The majority take folic acid and vitamin D. There is however an opportunity to make improvements regarding information sources for professionals. No conflict of interest

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    Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Other literature type . 2018
      Data sources: PubMed Central
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...
      Conference object
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpha...
      Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sæþórsdóttir, Anna; Stefánsson, Þorkell;

    Opportunities in the tourism industry along with the harnessing of energy resources are commonly referred to as means of dealing with changes in employment structure, to counteract depopulation in rural areas, and as a way to create capital. Both fields utilize nature as a resource, but can they coexist or are conflicts foreseeable? In order to find out whether the tourist industry consider that proposed power plant developments will diminish the possibilities of the tourism sector to strengthen local settlements semi-structured interviews were conducted with 65 tourist service providers in six different parts of Iceland. In the opinion of the interviewees the tourism sector is the industry that offers the best long-term possibilities to strengthen the economy in rural areas and most of them had seen clear indications of this in recent years. Many interviewees felt that energy production and tourism do not concur because the negative effects energy production can have on nature, the core resource for the tourist industry. Uncertainty over where power developments will be located was thought to have delayed investment and marketing efforts in certain areas. A few of the interviewees mentioned examples of successful cohabitation of energy production and tourism and it was pointed out that favourable collaboration between the two industries could diminish their conflict of interest. Moreover, it was stated that the income from both industries could reach the areas where it was generated more effectively. Tækifæri á sviði ferðaþjónustu og nýtingar orkuauðlinda eru oft nefnd sem leiðir til þess að takast á við breytta atvinnuhætti, sporna við fólksfækkun í dreifbýli og skapa verðmæti. Báðar greinarnar nýta náttúruna sem auðlind en geta þær farið saman eða eru fyrirsjáanlegir hagsmunaárekstrar milli þeirra? Til þess að komast að því hvort ferðaþjónustuaðilar telji fyrirhugaðar virkjunarhugmyndir rýra möguleika ferðaþjónustunnar til að efla byggð í landinu voru tekin hálfstöðluð viðtöl við 65 ferðaþjónustuaðila á sex svæðum á landinu. Að mati viðmælenda er ferðaþjónustan sú atvinnugrein sem býður upp á mesta möguleika til framtíðar til að efla atvinnulíf í dreifbýli og höfðu þeir flestir séð þess glögg merki undanfarin ár. Margir viðmælenda töldu orkuvinnslu og ferðaþjónustu fara illa saman vegna neikvæðra áhrifa orkuvinnslu á náttúruna, grundvallarauðlind ferðaþjónustunnar. Óvissa um hvar verður virkjað í framtíðinni þótti jafnframt hafa tafið fyrir fjárfestingu og markaðssetningu í ferðaþjónustu á ákveðnum svæðum. Nokkrir viðmælenda nefndu dæmi um farsæla sambúð orkuframleiðslu og ferðaþjónustu og kom fram að góð samvinna milli greinanna gæti dregið úr hagsmunaárekstrum á milli þeirra. Þeir töldu að tekjur af báðum atvinnugreinunum mættu skila sér betur til svæðanna þar sem þær verða til. Peer Reviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Opin visindiarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Opin visindi
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Opin visindi
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Opin visindiarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Opin visindi
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Opin visindi
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Thoroddur Bjarnason; Ingi Runar Edvardsson;

    Low levels of education have serious social, economic and cultural ramifications in rural areas. In many countries, regional universities have explicitly been built to educate the local population, create professional jobs and stimulate innovation. More recently, distance education has been developed to provide university education in rural regions and diminish brain drain towards urban centres. In this study, the pathways of Icelandic university graduates are traced from place of origin to residence five years after graduation. An overwhelming majority of local students at the national University of Iceland (UI) remain in the Reykjavík Capital Area after graduation, while others mostly emigrate abroad. Only about one in three UI students from regions beyond commuting distance return after graduation, while about half remain in the capital area and others mostly emigrate. The regional University of Akureyri (UNAK) in Northern Iceland is relatively successful in retaining graduates from North Central region, but on-campus students from regions beyond commuting distance from UNAK are no more likely to return after graduation than their UI counterparts. In sharp contrast, about three in four UNAK distance students remain in their region of origin after graduation. While regional universities may primarily strengthen regional centres, distance education has the potential to enhance educational levels in more distant exurban, micropolitan and rural areas. This work was supported by the Icelandic Rural Research Fund. The contribution of Ingolfur Arnarson, Kolbrun Osk Baldursdottir and Skuli Skulason in the collection of data and formulation of the research project is gratefully acknowledged. Peer Reviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Stu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Opin visindi
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Opin visindi
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Rural Studies
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Stu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Opin visindi
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Rural Studies
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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