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In 2020, the SHERPA project contributed to the debate on the Long-Term Vision for Rural Areas by presenting the key issues identified by the 20 regional and national SHERPA Multi-Actor Platforms (MAPs), and by the EU-level MAP. The MAPs identified their desired visions for 2040, the enabling factors to achieve those visions, the challenges to overcome and the opportunities to be seized. MAPs implemented a Delphi method, which was comprised of desk research and the use of quantitative data (e.g., development indicators, demography etc.), interviews with key informants, and the design, implementation and analysis of online surveys. The outputs of MAP cycle 1 are MAP Position Papers and one SHERPA Position Paper. This Discussion Paper provides a methodological guidance for the second MAP cycle on how to implement a foresight exercise, which is the second stage of the work on the vision. The objective of the foresight exercise is threefold: (i) testing a methodology for prompting more ambitious reflections on the future of their rural area/community and guiding strategic thinking among stakeholders involved, (ii) developing pathways of change which provide inspiration and a basis for decision-making and (iii) producing a MAP Position Paper that enables further analysis and aggregated policy recommendations by the SHERPA consortium. Results will inform SHERPA’s contribution to the EU LTVRA initiative and will be documented into MAP Position Papers as well as analysed in one single document, the SHERPA Position Paper. It will also continue feeding the debate on the long-term vision for rural areas initiated in September 2019, which will result in a Communication of the European Commission aimed to be published in summer 2021. The document presents the SHERPA approach, and logic of, the foresight exercise. The majority of the document provides the main information needed to prepare for and virtually run the workshops, broken down into five main steps.

In 2020, the SHERPA project contributed to the debate on the Long-Term Vision for Rural Areas by presenting the key issues identified by the 20 regional and national SHERPA Multi-Actor Platforms (MAPs), and by the EU-level MAP. The MAPs identified their desired visions for 2040, the enabling factors to achieve those visions, the challenges to overcome and the opportunities to be seized. MAPs implemented a Delphi method, which was comprised of desk research and the use of quantitative data (e.g., development indicators, demography etc.), interviews with key informants, and the design, implementation and analysis of online surveys. The outputs of MAP cycle 1 are MAP Position Papers and one SHERPA Position Paper. This Discussion Paper provides a methodological guidance for the second MAP cycle on how to implement a foresight exercise, which is the second stage of the work on the vision. The objective of the foresight exercise is threefold: (i) testing a methodology for prompting more ambitious reflections on the future of their rural area/community and guiding strategic thinking among stakeholders involved, (ii) developing pathways of change which provide inspiration and a basis for decision-making and (iii) producing a MAP Position Paper that enables further analysis and aggregated policy recommendations by the SHERPA consortium. Results will inform SHERPA’s contribution to the EU LTVRA initiative and will be documented into MAP Position Papers as well as analysed in one single document, the SHERPA Position Paper. It will also continue feeding the debate on the long-term vision for rural areas initiated in September 2019, which will result in a Communication of the European Commission aimed to be published in summer 2021. The document presents the SHERPA approach, and logic of, the foresight exercise. The majority of the document provides the main information needed to prepare for and virtually run the workshops, broken down into five main steps.

This study examined, Psychosocial Factors that Contribute to Underachievement among Primary School Pupils in the Rural Areas of Fako Division in the South West Region, Republic of Cameroon. The survey research design was used. The sample consisted of 150 pupils, 28 teachers and 50 parents. The table of random numbers was used to select pupils, the purposive sampling technique was used to select parents and all the teachers of the sampled schools were used for this study. Instruments for data collection were two sets of questionnaires, one for teachers and another for pupils interview guide for pupils. One was formulated to guide the study. The finding showed that there is a high relationship between pupils' self perception and their underachievement in rural areas and at the end, recommendations were made. Zora Ikala Ekonde "Psychosocial Factors that Contribute to Underachievement among Pupils in Rural Areas of Fako Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21469.pdf

In this paper globalization is conceptualised as a process that marks a new phase of capitalism (Moreira 1994). The aim of this paper is to propose a systematic approach to the economic and social consequences of the globalization process, with particular attention to agriculture and agri-food as well as the use of rural areas. Therefore, understanding the role of the main agents of globalization is a necessary condition to assess the impact of this process. My working hypothesis is that the different actors in the globalization process do not demonstrate the same behaviour, justifying a closer look at the logic and dynamics of its main agents, and the reactions that these changes provoke.

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{"references": ["Bell, J et al. (2003). Trends in delivery care in six countries. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro and International Research Partnership for Skilled Attendance for Everyone (SAFE).", "Bell, J. (2003). Improving skilled attendance at delivery: a preliminary report of the SAFE strategy development tool. Birth. 30(4):227-34.", "Caldwell, JC. (1979). Education as a factor in mortality decline an examination of Nigerian data. Popul Stud. 33(3):395-413.", "Chamberlain, M. (1997). Challenges of clinical learning for student midwives. Midwifery. 13(2):85-91.", "Chiarella, M et al. (2008). An overview of the competency movement in nursing and midwifery. Collegian. 15(2):45-53.", "Cioffi, J. (1998). Education for clinical decision making in midwifery practice. Midwifery. 14(1):18-22.", "Clawson, DK & Osteweis, M. (1993). The roles of physician assistants and nurse practitioners in primary care. Washington, DC: Association of Academic Health Centers.", "Cresswell, JW. (2014). Research design qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, fourth edition. Singapore: SAGE Publication Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.", "Darmstadt, GL et al. (2005). Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions: how many newborn babies can we save? Lancet. 365(9463):977-88.", "d'Oliveira, AFPL et al. (2002). Violence against women in health-care institutions: an emerging problem. Lancet. 359(9318):1681-5.", "Duong, DV et al. (2004). Utilization of delivery services at the primary health care level in rural Vietnam. Soc Sci Med. 59(12):2585-95.", "Gilson, L et al. (1994). Community satisfaction with primary health care services: An evaluation undertaken in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Soc Sci Med. 39(6):767-80.", "Graham, W et al. (2001). Can skilled attendance at delivery reduce maternal mortality in developing countries? Stud Health Serv Organisation Policy. 17:97-130.", "Hanson, C. (1992). Access to rural health care: barriers to practice for non-physician providers. Kansas City, MO: National Rural Health Care Association (HRSA contract 240-89-0037).", "Hull, T et al. (1998). Neither dukun nor doctor: Some problems of the village midwife programme in eastern Indonesia. Australian Council for Overseas Aid Development Bulletin. 48.", "Hussein, J et al. (2004). The skilled attendance index: proposal for a new measure of skilled attendance at delivery. Reprod Health Matters. 12(24):160-70.", "Indonesia-Health-Departement. (2003). National health survey 2002-2003 (unpublished). Research and Development of Health Center, Indonesia Health Departement.", "Jewkes, R et al. (1998). Why do nurses abuse patients? reflections from South African obstetric services. Soc Sci Med. 47(11):1781-95.", "Kyomuhendo, GB. (2003). Low use of rural maternity services in Uganda: impact of women's status, traditional beliefs and limited resources. Reprod Health Matters. 11(21):16-26.", "Makowiecka, K et al. (2008). Midwifery provision in two districts in Indonesia: how well are rural areas served? Health Policy Plan. 23(1):67-75.", "Miller, L. (1993). Health profession straining in Maine: the impact on access to care. Maine J Health Issues. 7:7-27.", "Mittelstadt, PC. (1993). Federal reimbursement of advanced practice nurses' services empowers the profession. Nurse Pract. 18(1):47-9.", "Mrisho, M et al. (2007). Factors affecting home delivery in rural Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 12(7):862-72.", "O'Neil, EH et al. (1993). Rural health: implications for education and workforce policy. San Francisco, CA: University of California at San Francisco, Center for the Health Professions.", "Ritchie, J & Lewis, J. (2008). Qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.", "Safriet, BJ. (1992). Health care dollars and regulatory sense: the role of advanced practice nursing. Yal J Regul. 9(12):417-87.", "Shiffman J. (2003).Generating political will for safe motherhood in Indonesia. Soc Sci Med. 6:1197-207.", "Syafari, I et al. (2013). Policy analisis in overcoming the lack of the village midwives in the district of Natuna. J Kebijakan Kes Indo. 2(1):20-6.", "Thaddeus, S & Maine, D. (1994). Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context. Soc Sci Med. 38(8):1091-110.", "Titaley, CR et al. (2010). Why do some women still prefer traditional birth attendants and home delivery?: a qualitative study on delivery care services in West Java Province, Indonesia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 10(43):1-14.", "UNDP. Sustainable development goals. United Nations Development Programme. Acces on 15 November 2016 available on http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/home/sustainable-development-goals.html.", "UNICEF. Traditional birth attendants and midwives partner for women's health in Indonesia. Acces on 01 October 2016, available on [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_43515.html].", "WHO. (2004). Making pregnancy safer: the critical role of the skilled attendant. Geneva: A joint statement by WHO, ICM and FIGO."]} Background: Mother and baby’s death is still a global isue. The presence of village midwife has been proved effective in decreasing pains and deaths. However, in the past few years, the contribution of village midwife in preventing deaths is questioned. The low performance of village midwife is regarded as the reason why the isue exists. Objective: To find out the reasons why village midwife performance is not optimum. Design. The study used mixed methods with sequencial exploratory strategy. The study was started by collecting qualitative data, which was then followed by collecting quantitative data. The collecting of qualitative data was done by having focus group discussion (FGD) and thorough interviews, while the collecting of quantitative data was conducted by fulfilling questionaires. Setting: These activities had been carried out from August to November 2016 in 27 subdistricts in Indragiri Hilir Regency. Participants: The data collecting was done by involving 5 facilitators, 2 interviewers, and 27 data collecting officers. There were 77 midwives who had been involved in FGDs, meanwhile 31 midwives were involved in thorough interviews and 439 midwives took part in fulfilling questionaires. Results: The obstacles which make the village midwife performance not optimum include health policies and regulations, competency, tools and infrastructure, demography, geography, security and safety, midwife intrinsic and family. Conclusions. Problems faced by village midwives are too complicated to overcome by midwives alone. The government should re-examine the policies and the regulations of village midwife, the standard of tools and infrastructure, incentives, sanctions and rewards.

Background: Scabies is a preventable skin disease that usually affects lower socio-economic strata and people living in overcrowded surroundings. Scabies is a highly contagious disease and is a significant public health problem in the developing world, with a disproportionate burden in children living in poor, over-crowded tropical areas. Aims: To find out the prevalence of scabies in a rural area of Lahore and to identify the risk factors associated with the scabies. Methods: This Cross-Sectional study was conducted from 1st July to 15th August 2018. Non-Probability Convenience Sampling Technique was used. Results:- The findings of the study reflected that out of 135 households, most (58%) of the families were Nuclear, majority (55%) households comprised of 6-8 family members and almost in half of the families 3 or more family members shared a room. Most (54%) of the respondents had no knowledge regarding scabies, its mode of transmission and preventive measures, but the personal hygienic practices of the families in the area were good. Scabies cases were present in 21% households, while 79% households were free of scabies. The Prevalence for scabies found in the area was 8.8%. Around 58% scabies cases were children <18 years of age whereas 42% were adults. The study found that family size (overcrowding) was significantly associated with occurrence of the scabies. Conclusions: This study found that 21% households in the area have scabies cases. The study found 8.8% prevalence rate of scabies in Baddoki village, and the disease is more common among children < 18 years of age. Although personal hygiene practices of the families are good in the area, but the respondents have a limited knowledge about the disease, its mode of transmission and preventive measures against it. The study highlighted a need of creating awareness regarding scabies at the community level.

This work aims to evaluate the impact of drug treatment on infection by Ascaris lumbricoides (Al), Trichuris trichiura (Tt) and hookworms (Hook) in a rural community from the sugar-cane zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Four parasitological surveys were carried out from March 2001 to March 2002. Individual diagnosis was based on eight slides (four by the Kato-Katz method and four by the Hoffman method) per survey. Infected subjects were assigned to two groups for treatment with either albendazole (n = 62) or mebendazole (n = 57). Prevalence of infection fell significantly (p < 0.05) one month after treatment: Al (from 47.7% to 6.6%); Tt (from 45.7% to 31.8%) and Hook (from 47.7% to 24.5%). One year after treatment, infections by Tt and Hook remained significantly below pre-control levels. A substantial decrease in single-infection cases and multiple infections was found. Egg-negative rate was significant for Al (94.0%), Hook (68.3%) but not for Tt (45.5%), and did not differ significantly between subjects treated with mebendazole or albendazole. Egg counts fell significantly in the individuals remaining positive for Tt. It is recommended that antihelminthic treatment should be selective and given at yearly intervals preferably with albendazole, due to its cost-effectiveness. Este trabalho avalia o impacto do tratamento antihelmíntico sobre a infecção por A. lumbricoides (Al), T. trichiura (Tt) e ancilostomídeos (Anc) na população de Covas, Pernambuco. Durante março/2001 e março/2002, quatro inquéritos parasitológicos foram realizados. Em cada um foram coletados dois exames de fezes por morador. O diagnóstico foi feito pelos métodos de Kato-Katz e Hoffmann. Em abril/01, os indivíduos positivos foram separados em dois grupos para tratamento com albendazol (n = 62) ou mebendazol (n = 57). As proporções de indivíduos positivos reduziram-se significativamente um mês pós-tratamento: Al (de 47,7% para 6,6%), Tt (de 45,7% para 31,8%) e Anc (de 47,7% para 24,5%); permanecendo abaixo do nível inicial um ano pós-tratamento. Os casos de monoinfecção, exceto os por Tt, e infecções múltiplas reduziram-se após o tratamento. A negativação foi significativa para Al (94,0%), Anc (68,3%), mas não para Tt (45,5%) e foi maior para Al. A negativação não diferiu significativamente entre os tratados com mebendazol ou albendazol. A intensidade da infecção reduziu-se significativamente nos indivíduos que permaneceram positivos para Tt. Recomenda-se que o tratamento seja seletivo, administrado anualmente, de preferência com albendazole, devido ao seu custo-benefício.