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Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a chronic, systemic, parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas discovered it in 1909 and it is endemic to Latin America, especially to its rural areas. In the last 40 years, it has become a global health problem due to migration flows from Latin America to Europe, the United States, Canada and Japan. In this paper, we review the traits of this disease in Europe and the measures to prevent and control it. In non-endemic areas such as Europe, the routes for transmission of the parasite can be congenital (from the mother to the fetus), organ transplants and blood transfusions. In Europe, most immigrants from endemic areas are in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The combined seroprevalence studies carried out in Europe show a general prevalence of 4.2% and the highest prevalence corresponds to those born in Bolivia (18.1%). Nevertheless, most European countries disregard the disease, as evidenced by the lack of detection programs and scarce adequate diagnosis and treatment options. European countries with most Latin American immigrants have changed their legislation and developed different protocols for action; but these measures are insufficient because they do not prevent future transmission cases. Finally, regarding epidemiology, most patients are asymptomatic middle-aged women and some of them will develop the phase characterized with organic damage, when treatment is not effective. Therefore, early detection is essential to avoid future problems of the health systems.; Chagasen gaixotasuna, tripanosomiasi amerikarra izenez ere ezagutzen dena, Carlos Chagas mediku brasildarrak 1909. urtean aurkitu zuen eritasun tropikala da. Intsektu bidez transmititzen da eta morbimortalitate-tasa altua du. Infekzioa endemikoa da Latinoamerikan, batez ere landa-ingurunean. Azken 40 urteetan, mundu-mailako osasun-arazo bilakatu da Latinoamerikatik Europa, Estatu Batuak, Kanada eta Japoniara izan diren migrazio-fluxuen ondorioz. Lan honetan, hain zuzen ere, gaixotasun honek Europan dituen ezaugarriak eta haren prebentziorako eta kontrolerako dauden neurrien berrikuspena aurkezten dugu. Europa bezalako eremu ez-endemikoetan parasitoa transmititzeko moduak sortzetiko transmisioa (amak umekiari), organoen transplantea eta odol-transfusioa izan daitezke. Europan, eskualde endemikoetako etorkin gehienak Espainiako Erresuma, Italia, Frantziako Errepublika, Erresuma Batua eta Suitzan biltzen dira. Europan egin diren seroprebalentziaren ikerketa konbinatuek % 4,2 inguruko prebalentzia orokortua adierazten dute, eta prebalentzia altuena (% 18,1) jaioterria Bolivian duten banakoei dagokie. Hala eta guztiz ere, Europako herrialde gehienetan gaixotasuna ez da kontuan hartzen eta honen adierazgarri dira detekzio-programen gabezia eta diagnosia eta tratamendua izateko aukera eskasia. Etorkin latinoamerikar gehien dituzten Europako herrialdeek beren legedia aldatu eta jokaera-protokolo desberdinak garatu dituzte; baina, hala ere, neurri hauek ez dira nahikoak, ez baitute bermatzen etorkizunean transmisio kasurik ez izatea. Azkenik, ezaugarri epidemiologikoei dagokienez, gaixo gehienak adin ertaineko emakumeak direla ikusi da. Beraz, populazioa gaztea izateak arazo larriak ekar ditzake osasun-sistemarentzat, hainbat ikerketatan paziente asintomatikoen ehuneko oso altua behatu delako. Gaixo horietako batzuk kalte organikoa dagoen fasera igaroko dira eta aldi horretan tratamendua ez da batere eraginkorra. Hori dela eta, kasuen detekzio goiztiarra ezinbestekoa da osasun-sistemaren etorkizuneko arazoak saihesteko.

[EN] The experience as basic on the methodology applied to the rural development of the Basque Country. After one decade from the approval of the Law of Rural Development of the Basque Country, that it defined a model of intervention supported in the administrative collaboration and the development of Local Plans, they score multitude of lagoons in the execution of the different programs from rural development. With object of the necessary renovation of the Local Plans a reflection takes place on the committed errors and different alternatives consider that collections in methodological proposals have left that are going to prioritize inductive expositions, feasible practitioners and front to participation and opened character of the previous Plans since concretion and commitment sinned of lack of. [ES] Tras una década desde la aprobación de la Ley de Desarrollo Rural del País Vasco, que definía un modelo de intervención apoyado en la colaboración interadministrativa y en el desarrollo de Planes Comarcales, se apuntan multitud de lagunas en la ejecución de los diferentes programas de desarrollo rural. Con objeto de la necesaria renovación de los Planes Comarcales se produce una reflexión sobre los errores cometidos y se plantean diferentes alternativas que quedan recogidas en unas propuestas metodológicas que van a primar planteamientos inductivos, prácticos y ejecutables frente a carácter participativo y abierto de los Planes anteriores puesto que pecaron de falta de concreción y compromiso. [EUS] Experitentzia, Eukal Autonomi Erkideko nekazal zonaldeen garapeneko metodologiaren oinarria. Nekazal zonaldeen garapenerako legearen onarpenaren hamarkada baten ondoren, non administrazioaren artean eta Eskualde Planaren bitartez ekiteko eredua definitzen zen, programen gauzapenean hutsune haundiak antzematen dira. Planak berritzeko helburuarekin egindako akatzen inguruan gogoeta bat burutzen da eta metodologi proposamen ezberdinak planteatzen dira. Hauen artean aurreko planen zehaztapen eta konpromesuz kale egin zuten izaera partizipatibo eta irikiaren aurrean asmo induktiboak, erabilgarriak eta ejekutagarriak proposatzen dira orain.

[ES] El programa de cooperación transnacional del Suroeste Europeo aporta la oportunidad de contrastar la situación que atraviesan los espacios periurbanos de cuatro áreas metropolitanas y plantear toda una serie de recomendaciones para su correcta ordenación. Tras varias décadas de crecimiento urbano intenso se observa la dificultad que tienen los documentos de ordenación para regularlo y dirigirlo en los límites de la ciudad. Tan sólo las figuras de protección de espacios naturales aportan ciertas garantías de preservar determinados entornos. Las propuestas se concretan en la necesidad de resaltar el valor natural, de ocio y agrario del medio rural próximo. También se incide en la necesidad de acometer la ordenación de este espacio utilizando una metodología diferente, la mirada invertida, con el objeto de conseguir mayor consenso y respeto a las propuestas de todas las partes. [EN] Basis for the correct territorial planning of the periurban areas: Sudoe project. International cooperation program in the South-West Europe gives the opportunity to know the situation of the periurban of four metropolitan areas and to translate different items for its correct planning. After two decades of intensive urban grow the project shows the difficulties that the planning documents have to control the growing of the city. Nature figures only have given positivist result about preserving natural areas to the growing of the city. The project, however, proposes to incorporate concepts like nature, leisure and agriculture in the planning documents of these areas. Besides, the project proposes to use the invert looked at concept and getting the mayor consensus that is possible about territorial planning of these areas. [EUS] Hiri inguruko gunearen antolamendurako oinarriak: Sudoe proiektua. Europako Hegoaldeko nazioarte mailako programak bi hamarkadako hazkunde indartsu baten ondoren lau metropolien hiri inguruen egoera eta garatzeko aukerak aztertzeko aukera ematen du. Emaitzek lurralde antolamenduko dokumentuek hiri hazkundea hiriaren kanpoaldean modu zuzenean erregulatzen duten zailtasuna agerian usten dute. Natur guneko figurak emaitza baikorrak eskaini dituzten bakarrak izan dira gune zehatz batzuk babesteko garaian. Proposamenak, ordea, natura, aisira eta nekazal ekoizpenaren kontzeptua lurralde antolamenduan barneratzeko beharra azpimarratzen dute. Bestalde, kontrako begiradaren metodologiaren erabilera beharra proposatzen da. Modu horretan bakarrik kontsensu eta errespetu gehiago lortu daiteke. Esta investigación es realizada al amparo del proyecto Naturba, desde el grupo liderado desde la ciudad de Donostia-San Sebastián y apoyada en la colaboración de siete grupos de investigadores que abordan el estudio de otros tantos espacios periurbanos. El autor del trabajo participa como miembro del Comité de Expertos que para la evaluación de los resultados se dotó el proyecto Naturba.

[EN] The landscape change of the rural Basque-Atlantic area that has taken place throughout the second half of the twentieth century can be explained by the transformation of the 'caserío' -the Basque country farm-, seen as a system of basic exploitation of such rural Basque-Atlantic area. In this essay we attempt to study the change process taking into consideration agrarian statistics. [ES] El vuelco paisajístico que experimenta el espacio agrario vasco-atlántico durante esta segunda mitad del siglo XX se explica a partir de la transformación que el caserío, entendido como gestor principal de tal espacio, protagoniza. En el presente trabajo ese proceso de cambio se analiza a la luz de la estadística agraria. [EUS] XX. mendearen bigarren erdian Euskal Herrikoíanda espazio atlantiarrean suertatu den paisai aldaketa bertan ustiakuntza sistema funtsezkoa den baserriak eragin du. Lan honetan aldaketa prozesu hori aztertzeko nekazal estatistikaz baliatzen da.

[ES]La Ley del suelo del País Vasco del 2007 nace con el objeto de favorecer el acceso a una vivienda digna. Sin embargo, en la medida en que apuesta por frenar la especulación y la sostenibilidad del medio legisla sobre el tratamiento que se le ha de aportar al suelo no urbanizable. En este caso, no altera sustancialmente la regulación del suelo rural pero sí incorpora nuevas obligaciones dirigidas a frenar la intensidad de la urbanización en este suelo. Se regula la construcción de nueva vivienda, el desarrollo urbanístico de núcleos y barrios rurales y se obliga a profundizar en la calificación del suelo no urbanizable. La aplicación de los nuevos contenidos quedan en manos de los municipios e instituciones sectoriales y los primeros resultados parecen denotar un cambio de tendencia en municipios que han observado la pérdida de calidad paisajística del medio rural, la creciente especulación y la desagrarización de este entorno. [EN] Basque Country new land legislation born to get the access to a house of the population. Besides, the new legislation regulates the treatment of not urban land. In this case, the legislation don’t changes a lot the regulation of rural land but joins new norms for brake the urbanization of the land. The new legislation regulates the build of new houses, the urban development of rural quarters and forces to deep in the calcification of non-urban land. The application of the new norms depend of the town halls and rural institutions such that has been until now. First results, although show almost nothing different, they seems a change of the actual tendency because some halls are applying stronger new legislation to avoid the lost of quality of the landscape, urban speculation and farm less.

. The correlation was that the higher the degree of contact with Basque and the more positive the attitudes towards Basque and the Basque ethnolinguistic group, the greater the frequency of occurrence of final falling intonational contours in information-seeking absolute interrogatives. The interpretation of this correlation was that the adoption of the characteristic Basque prosody allows speakers to be recognized as members of the Basque community. In the present study, we focused on rural areas. Falling intonational contours at the end of information-seeking absolute interrogatives were even more common than in urban areas (93.4%), and no correlation was found with degree of contact with Basque and with attitudes towards Basque. Our interpretation is that in rural areas the presence of Basque in daily life is stronger, and that there is a consolidated variety of Spanish used by all speakers regardless of their attitudes. Thus, the adoption of intonating features of this language is not the only indicator belonging to the Basque ethnolinguistic group. Our study reveals the great relevance of subjective social factors, such as language attitudes, in the degree of convergence between two languages. falling circumflex contour. In our previous work, this topic was investigated among the urban populations of Bilbao and San Sebastian. The results were that 79% of information-seeking yes/no questions had final falling intonational configurations. All the speakers presented a substantial presence of final falls regardless of their linguistic profile, but there were differences among speakers in the degree of presence of such features. A correlation was observed between the dependent variable of &lsquo The present study analyzes the prosodic characteristics of the variety of Spanish in contact with Basque (in the Basque Country, Spain). We focus on information-seeking yes/no questions, which present different intonation contours in Spanish and Basque. In Castilian Spanish, these sentences end in a rising contour, whereas in Basque, they end in a falling or rising&ndash frequency of occurrence of final falls in absolute interrogatives&rsquo attitudes towards Basque and the Basque ethnolinguistic group&rsquo degree of contact with Basque&rsquo and social factors, such as &lsquo and &lsquo

By using an environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model, this paper analyses the Spanish households carbon footprint for the 2008 2017 period considering the municipality size as well as the urban or rural residential zone where families live. Results show that, on a per capita basis, inhabitants of medium-large municipalities emit fewer carbon emissions than those settled in small ones (between 0.34 and 0.54 tCO2/cap depending on the year studied). This carbon unbalance is mainly explained by the higher direct carbon footprints of dwellers who reside in small municipalities and, in special, in rural zones. Furthermore, applying inequality measures through a consumption-based carbon footprint Gini coefficient, we show that both income and CO2 emissions inequality are lower in small municipalities. In the light of the findings, in Spain, the application of a carbon pricing on direct and indirect carbon footprints will be regressive, disproportionally affecting people of small municipalities and rural areas. Accordingly, household carbon inequalities must be contemplated to avoid poorly designed climate change mitigation policies. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd Manuel Tomás was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821105 (LOCOMOTION project), and the Spanish Government through BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation [ MDM-2017-0714 ] and the grant [ RTI2018-099858-A-100 ]. Luis Antonio López and Fabio Monsalve were supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain [ ECO2016-78939-R ].

En el año 1998 el País Vasco pone en marcha un modelo de desarrollo rural fundamentado en la colaboración entre administraciones locales y regionales frente a la dependencia de las subvenciones comunitarias. Con objeto de la necesaria renovación de los Planes Comarcales se produce una reflexión sobre los errores cometidos y se plantean diferentes alternativas que quedan recogidas en unas propuestas metodológicas que van a primar planteamientos inductivos, prácticos y ejecutables y un modo de funcionar que permite llegar con facilidad de la propuesta local a la puesta en común regional. Como resultado obtenemos una interesante propuesta de desarrollo, a tener en cuenta, en un momento en el que muchas Comunidades Autónomas han de reorganizar sus redes de desarrollo rural ante la anunciada reducción de aportaciones comunitarias. [fr] Durant l’année 1998 le Pays Basque met en marche un modèle de développement rural fondé la collaboration entre des administrations locales et régionales face à la dépendance des subventions communautaires. Dans le but de la rénovation nécessaire des Plans Régionaux se produit une réflexion sur les erreurs commises et on pose différentes alternatives qui sont reprises dans des propositions méthodologiques qui vont favoriser des approches inductives, pratiques et possibles et une manière de fonctionner qui permet d’arriver avec facilité de la proposition locale à la mise en commun régionale. Comme résultat nous obtenons une intéressante proposition de développement à tenir compte à un moment où beaucoup de Communautés Autonomes doivent réorganiser leurs réseaux de développement rural devant l’annoncée réduction de contributions communautaires. In 1998 the Basque Country starts up a model of rural development based on the collaboration between local and regional administrations and to limit the dependency of the Europe communitarian subventions. With the beginning of the renovation of the local development plans a reflection based on the committed errors. Methodological systems there are propose prioritizing inductive, feasible and practical expositions, and a functional model to pass to the local level from the regional level. As result we obtain an interesting proposal of development to in a while consider in which many Communities have to reorganize their networks of rural development before the announced reduction of communitarian contributions.