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This paper discusses the main anti-crisis measures for agricultural regulation applied to large agricultural producers of strategic importance and supporting medium-sized agricultural producers.

Smart energy access provides numerous advantages in rural areas such as economic development and improved livelihood. Despite the efforts by energy companies to supply to rural areas, women still face a range of constraints in their ability to participate in energy activities. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the goals of access to smart energy on women empowerment from the energy company perspective, assess the extent to which access to smart energy has contributed to empowerment and to establish the challenges faced by women in accessing smart energy with the intent of outlining strategies for future implementation. The study used a qualitative thematic analysis approach. The data was collected through structured, open-ended interviews with 20 women respondents with access to energy in chitandika village and 1 in-depth interview with the key energy expert. The study found that access to smart energy in chitandika village had a positive effect on women empowerment as it provided several benefits for the women. Additionally, the study established general and specific challenges that women face in accessing smart energy. Furthermore, it was established that the key strategies for implementing smart energy access on women empowerment were gender mainstream in energy projects, understanding women’s energy needs and demands, promoting productive use, supporting credit, and saving schemes and promoting skill development.

Nonwood forest food products are continuously harvested from indigenous forests and other woodlands mostly in rural areas for household’s subsistence needs and income generation. These resources, particularly the food products and medicinal plants as well as several other products from grasses and fibres, are widely traded in domestic markets in both rural and urban areas. However, the availability is considerably dwindling as a result of several factors such as unsustainable harvesting practices, the increasing encroachment in most forests and woodlands, deforestation and the expansion of forest land for agricultural production. These anthropogenic activities have resulted in the disturbance of the integrity of the environment and increased greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter highlights the constraints, the socioeconomic importance of edible wild roots, tubers and bulbs, employment creation and poverty reduction potential in Zambia.

This study highlights the poverty in the rural area of Ahmar, Ayeyarwady Region, the underlying reasons causing poverty, the consequences of poverty and the means to reduce poverty in the area. In Ahmar Sub-township, poverty is directly related to the economy of the area. Rural economic activities such as agriculture, fishing and making thatch play important roles in the economy. Most people are poor; they earn only about US$ 1 per day. In agriculture, monocropping is mainly practised due to the saline soils in this area. Agriculture is not very successful because saltwater intrudes into the paddy fields at the end of each rainy season. Some local people own areas of Nippa land that produces leaves twice a year. Some are fishermen who catch fish along the streams. They have permission to fish in the streams from the persons who got a licence for fishing from the government. Migration, labour shortage, high dropout rate from school, early marriage, high fertility, low life expectancy and poor access to healthcare are found as consequences of poverty. The objectives of this chapter are to examine the rural economic activities that cause poverty in this rural area, to understand the present socio-economic conditions of the people who live in the area and to explore the consequences of poverty and the means to reduce the poverty in the area. To present this chapter, primary data were collected. The participatory rural appraisal approach was applied to obtain the primary data and to get a thorough understanding of the rural economy and poverty in the area.

The Bagan-Nyaung-U area is located in the dry zone of central Myanmar, which is one of the high-risk areas for drought. In the rural areas of Bagan-Nyaung-U, agriculture is one of the major economic activities, but existing climatic conditions, especially the pattern and amount of rainfall, determine the agricultural activity; in the past many years crop productivity has dropped. As a consequence, local people are getting poorer because of their low income. The economic contribution of the agriculture sector in the Bagan-Nyaung-U area has been fairly stable over time. In urban areas, some people earn a living as casual labor, which provides them with only low and irregular income. Consequently, the school dropout rate for many school-aged children is high, because they must earn income to contribute to the family survival. Because of the early dropout patterns, they get married early and consequently the fertility rate is high. Because of their low level of education, the health of the people is also poor; they do not understand how to keep fit and to protect themselves from diseases related to poverty and lack of hygiene. Community empowerment is required, the result of putting community development values into action. These values are related to learning, equality of opportunity, participation, co-operation and social justice, which are essential for upgrading the socioeconomic conditions of the people who live in the area. Community empowerment can be generated through education and economic support. This chapter presents primary data collected on income, diseases, and educational attainment levels, as well as secondary data from relevant government departments. Focus group discussions were conducted to gain a thorough understanding of the incidence and causes of poverty in central Myanmar. The chapter explores feasible ways to reduce poverty from different perspectives. Quantitative and qualitative mixed methods were applied to analyze data presented in the chapter.

Government of Mongolia has developed “National Development Strategy of Mongolia” and “Regional Development Policy of Mongolia” and it was focused on promoting fast development of tourism as one of the leading sectors of the economy. Furthermore, increase in responsibility of state and local authorities for business sector is paying more attention to further development of regional tour-recreation. Given that the tour-recreation recourses in rural area are ought to be determined specifically as well as the determined recourses are required to be utilized in efficient way, it is envisaged that gradually increases are important for involving the Camp of cooperating Herding Households (CCHH) to be participated in local tour-recreation activities. Accordingly, demands are raised to identify the factors and influences on developing the Tour-recreation activities in CCHH.Our objective of this research work is to conduct the full assessment and regionalize the tour-recreational capacity of Uvs province.Journal of agricultural sciences №15 (02): 130-133, 2015

Abstract Limited data exits on factors influencing fertility in Zambia. This study examined underlying determinants of fertility patterns and levels in Zambia. Data extracted from the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey was analysed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Of 7146 women aged 15-49 years, age group 25-29 years experienced the highest prevalence of births (28.5%). Married women accounted for 27% of all births. Women with low education recorded more births (27%) than those with higher education (9.5%) (P<0.001). Fertility was higher among the poorest (28%) compared to the richest (12%) (P<0.001). Though not statistically significant, urban areas recorded more births (25%) than rural areas (15%). Education and wealth significantly influence fertility Zambia. Fertility management strategies should consider these factors and their fertility reducing effects. Improving education and wealth status of women can contribute to fertility reduction, particularly rural women. Lower fertility, with reduced mortality and migration, would provide less pressure on distribution of the limited economic resources of the country. Key Words: Underlying determinants, Fertility, Education, Wealth, Zambia Resume Des donnees limitees sort sur les facteurs influencant la fecondite en Zambie. Cette etude examine les determinants sous-jacents de taux de fecondite et les niveaux en Zambie. Les donnees extraites de l'Enquete Demographique et de Sante de la Zambie de 2007 (NDHS) ont ete analysees en utilisant bivariees et regression logistique multivariee. Sur 7146 femmes âgees de 15-49 ans; groupe d'âge 25-29 ans a connu la plus forte prevalence des naissances (28,5%). Les femmes mariees representaient 27% de toutes les naissances. Les femmes peu scolarisees ont enregistre plus de naissances (27%) que ceux de l'enseignement superieur (9,5%) (P <0,001). En outre, la fecondite etait plus elevee chez les plus pauvres (28%) par rapport aux plus riches (12%) (P <0,001). Bien que non statistiquement significative, les zones urbaines ont enregistre plus de naissances (25%) que dans les zones rurales (15%). Evidemment, l'education et la richesse influent considerablement sur la fertilite Zambie. Les strategies de gestion de la fertilit

Historically, women in Africa have long been known to transport agricultural produce, firewood, and pots of water by way of the head for domestic use. This culture has been transformed into feminised unskilled labour termed Kayayei in Ghanaian cities as a fallout from poor education outcomes and its attendant lack of sustainable jobs in the rural areas. Kayayei is used in Ghana to refer to young female migrants between the ages of 8-35 years from the poverty endemic areas of northern Ghana engaging in head porterage business in the cities as a means of survival. The increasing incidence of kayaye and its attendant social, health and economic problems have attracted media and research commentary in Ghana in recent times. This study investigates contraceptive use among kayayei in the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana to inform strategies to improve the reproductive health of the low-income group. The study uses a mixed-method design. A structured survey questionnaire was administered to 121 kayayei . Further, 44 participants were selected from the 121 kayeyei to participate in focus group discussions (FGD). These were complemented with individual interviews of a pharmacist, a chemist shop attendants, and a drug peddler [unlicensed medicine walker]. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the quantitative data from the survey questionnaire, while descriptive coding was used to analyse the qualitative data from FGDs, interviews and field observation. The findings revealed that male partners’ approval was the major determinant of contraceptive use among the participating migrant female head porters. Some 90% of women who were less likely to use contraceptives are those who never discuss or get approval from their partners. Oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUD) and condoms were the most used contraceptive among the kayayei. Participants’ choice of contraceptives was influenced by affordability, accessibility and their perceptions about contraceptive security. The study also identified that side effects from the use of contraceptives, including inconveniences on menstruation, weight gain, and weight loss, were a set of factors that demotivate contraceptives use among the research participants. The study also identified that, although culture has a significant influence on contraceptive use in Africa generally, in the case of migrant young women who have escaped from the cultural scrutiny of their home communities, their sexual partners, rather than culture, have a significant influence on their contraceptives use. The study, therefore, recommends an aggressive public education campaign on contraceptives use targeting both kayayei and their sexual partners in Ghanaian cities, while family planning services are accessible and affordable to this low-income group. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijhss.13.2.8