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  • Authors: H. Hain; Rein Ahas;

    SUMMARY This paper describes and analyses the structure of illegal forestry in Estonia in 1998–2002. A short background detailing the terms related to illegal forestry is followed by an analysis of the causes of illegal forestry in Estonia and their relationship to the post-Soviet policy reforms. The structure and dynamics of illegal forestry are then described. Field studies, interviews and document analyses provide an overview of the estimated extent of selected forms of illegal forestry. The results indicate that over 50% of the timber extracted from private forests during 1998–2002 was likely to have been related to one or more forms of illegal forestry as forest theft, environmental damage or tax violations. The role of the forest resource use policy in creating a favourable situation for emergence and expansion of illegal forestry is then discussed. It is concluded that post-Soviet liberal policy reforms have enabled illegal forestry to emerge, while political reluctance to acknowledge the whole sco...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Regino Kask; Harri Lille; Mihkel Kiviste; Silver Kruus; +1 Authors

    The objective of this study was to explore some of the physical and mechanical properties of 9-layer birch (Betula spp.) plywood with the addition of phenol-formaldehyde glue, in cases in which the cutting edges of the samples are coated with the damp-proof mastic Fibergum, and in case in which they remain unprocessed (uncoated), following a total of ten cycles of soaking/oven-drying. The properties to be determined were the bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), thickness swelling (TS) and restore dimensions (RD), which were tested according to the European standards (EN). A linear-fractional equation and linear relationship were used for the approximation of any change in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples depending upon the number of soaking/oven-drying cycles. It was shown that the values of the properties investigated were most affected by the first soaking and drying cycle. Thereafter, BS and MOE levels decreased smoothly at a low rate, but the values of TS became stabilised. The BS and MOE values for the wet samples with coated cutting edges were higher than when they were uncoated, as the moisture levels in the former case were lower. After the first soaking of the samples with coated cutting edges, the retention values were as follows: BS at 52.8 % and 66.7 % for the major and minor axes, respectively, with the same applying to MOE at 61.9 % and 64.2 %, while TS was at 105.2 %. To clarify the phenomenon that causes a decrease of the properties, the face plies and edge structures of the initial dry samples and of the samples after the first, second and ninth soaking/oven-drying cycles were studied using the X-Ray technique.Ključne riječi

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    Drvna Industrija
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    Drvna Industrija
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Drvna Industrija
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      Drvna Industrija
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pauls Zeltiņš; Āris Jansons; Virgilijus Baliuckas; Ahto Kangur;

    Abstract The breeding of forest tree species in the Baltic region has notably contributed to wood production for the bioeconomy. Growth modelling is used for long-term estimates of forest development. However, usually based on data from unimproved stands, they may underestimate the growth of improved trees. Accordingly, it is important to identify and integrate the altered stand dynamics associated with improved planting stock into existing growth models to accurately capture the resulting gains or, alternatively, develop new functions specifically designed for improved trees. We used the generalized algebraic difference approach to model and analyze height growth patterns of Scots pine and silver birch with different genetic improvement levels (improved forest reproductive material categories ‘qualified’ and ‘tested’). Modelling was based on 14 260 and 55 926 height–age series from open-pollinated progeny trials in Latvia and Lithuania with an age range of 3–46 and 5–22 years for pine and birch, respectively. Dynamic generalized algebraic difference approach forms of commonly applied height growth functions with forest reproductive material-category-specific sets of coefficients were tested. The dynamic form of the Chapman–Richards and King–Prodan equations had the best fit for Scots pine and silver birch, respectively. The expected height growth of the category ‘tested’ was slightly better than the one for ‘qualified’, with more distinct differences in silver birch. The model with forest reproductive material-category-specific coefficients reflected the actual growth of improved trees; however, such application is limited to sites with medium and high site indices, where improved planting stock is typically used. We recommend the model for young stands up to the age of 20 and 40 years for pine and birch, respectively, considering the empirical data cover on which the functions are based. A unified dynamic height model with the same functional form but category-specific parameterization for different improvement levels allows a practical applicability and effective communication amongst diverse users, thereby promoting the utilization of the model amongst forest owners and managers who possess information regarding the origin of planting stock.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: OUP Standard Publication Reuse
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pauls Zeltiņš; Guntars Šņepsts; Jānis Donis; Raitis Rieksts-Riekstiņš; +2 Authors

    The breeding of economically important forest tree species in the Baltic Sea region has contributed notably to the availability of quality wood for bioeconomy. Accordingly, the altered stand dynamics of improved trees should be identified and incorporated in growth models to accurately reflect these gains. Such advanced models can be used for assessment of different alternatives, e.g. strategies for increased carbon sequestration. We tested and modified dynamic forms of the King-Prodan height growth function based on the remeasured National Forest Inventory plots in Latvia to predict the growth of improved Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch forest reproductive material (FRM) categories ‘qualified’ and ‘tested’ using height measurements from progenies of 371, 390, and 690 open-pollinated families, respectively. Both categories had steeper growth trajectories at young age compared to an unmodified function. Growth of category ‘tested’ for pine and birch exceeded that of category ‘qualified’ across the modelled age range, while trajectories mainly overlapped for spruce on lower site indices. The functions with FRM category-specific multipliers more accurately reflect the actual growth of improved stands, advancing planning of timely management activities like thinning. The single model with category-specific set of multipliers may be easy applicable in practice or incorporated in growth simulators without increased complexity for end-users. However, the predictions are limited to the sites with medium and high site indices, where improved planting stock is typically used. Keywords: GADA approach, dynamic modelling, tree breeding, FRM categories

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    BALTIC FORESTRY
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      BALTIC FORESTRY
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mikko Buht; Allar Padari; Jürgen Aosaar; Mats Varik; +6 Authors

    The values of the fractional distribution of aboveground (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), root/shoot ratios (R/S) and stemwood density were estimated for silver (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) along site index and age gradients for Estonia. Biomass models were used, in which the diameter at breast height (D1.3, measured above root collar), tree height, age and site index served as independent variables. The models for AGB and BGB were elaborated based on the data of 117 and 30 model trees, respectively. Strong allometric relationships were revealed between D1.3 and total AGB (with foliage), stem mass and BGB. For trees with D1.3 < 15 cm, individual models predicted similar biomass patterns for both species, for larger trees, species-specific models are suggested. The relative share of stem mass in AGB was 80–90% for all site index and age classes, being significantly higher for silver birch. The average relative share of stembark, branches, leaves and the R/S, were significantly higher for downy birch. Mean oven-dry mass stemwood density for silver and downy birch was 0.573 g cm−3, there was no statistically significant difference between the species. The mean R/S ratio was 0.29 and 0.43 for silver and downy birch, respectively.

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    Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Janis Ivanovs; Andis Lazdins; Mait Lang;

    Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is used to predict different forest inventory parameters; however, the ALS point cloud properties depend on various parameters such as the type of ALS scanner employed, flight altitude and scanning angle, forest stand structure, forest tree species composition, vegetation season, etc. This study used national coverage high-resolution ALS data with minimum point density of 4 points per square meter in combination with field data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) to build forest stand height models for forest stands dominated by 6 most common tree species in Latvian mixed forest stands, viz. Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Populus tremula L., Alnus incana (L.) Moench and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. for the various ALS scanners employed and at different growing seasons. The selected NFI plots are divided into modelling and validation datasets in a ratio of 3 : 1. The results show that for a universal forest stand height model, the RMSE value is 1.91 m and the MAE is 1.41 m. For the forest stand height models, which are stratified by scanner, individual tree species and seasons, the RMSE value is within the limits of 1.4 m for forest stands dominated by Scots pine in leaf-on canopy condition to 3.8 m for birch in leaf-off canopy condition. Key words: forest inventory, airborne laser scanning, phenology, large scale forest mapping 

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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Kalev Adamson; Karin Kütt; Marili Vester; Katrin Jürimaa; +2 Authors
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    Authors: K. Aun; M. Kukumägi; M. Varik; M. Uri; +7 Authors

    Clear-cutting is an extensively used silvicultural method in the Nordic and Baltic countries, which strongly influences the site’s carbon (C) budget. In the current study, C budgets for a young silver birch stand chronosequence (2–8-year-old) were compiled using the C budgeting method. High variability of annual NEP between stands of similar ages occurred, as the C accumulation ability of young stands was site specific. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh), the main C efflux from the ecosystem, varied between (3.7 and 6.3 t C ha−1 yr−1) across all stands. Modelling of the annual NEP dynamics across the chronosequence revealed the C compensation point at a stand age of 6 years. The estimated cumulative C loss for the period when NEP was negative was almost 5 t C ha−1 and the amount of lost C could have been recaptured already in a 10-year-old stand. The C sink capacity of the studied sites depended mostly on the production of herbaceous plants until the production of the new tree generation became the main driver of ecosystem’s net primary production. Hence, site’s C accumulation capacity largely depends on the density and quality of the new forest regeneration.

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    Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Heiki Hepner; Oliver Lukason; Reimo Lutter; Allar Padari; +2 Authors

    Hybrid aspen is one of the most promising tree species for short-rotation forestry in Northern Europe. After the clearcutting of hybrid aspen plantation, the next generation arises from root and stump sprouts. The economic feasibility of different management strategies of hybrid aspen coppice stands has not yet been comprehensively evaluated in Northern Europe. We compared the land expectation values (LEVs) of hybrid aspen coppice stands managed according to four scenarios: three early thinning methods (corridor, cross-corridor and single-tree) followed by conventional management and intensive bioenergy production (repeated harvests in 5-year rotations) over a 25-year period in hemiboreal Estonia. We considered the historic price volatility of aspen wood assortments under various discount rates (1–20%). We found that the 25-year rotation with different early thinning methods was more profitable than short bioenergy cycles in the case of low discount rates (< 5%). The LEV of short coppice cycles for only bioenergy production became more profitable in comparison with those by thinning methods, when higher discount rates (> 10%) were applied. Hybrid aspen coppice stands can be managed profitably, but more risks are taken when the management strategy focuses only on bioenergy production.

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    Forests
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Forests
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    Forests
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    DOAJ
    Article . 2021
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      Forests
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      Forests
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      Forests
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Eliisa Pass; Raido Kont; Asko Lõhmus;

    Abstract Key message Bird assemblages in planted spruce (Picea abies L.) forests were compositionally distinct from those in naturally regenerated mixed stands. Despite rapid stand development on productive soils, even-aged silviculture cannot host most old-forest species. However, their habitat quality could be supported in landscape mosaics with retention forestry and set-asides. Context The most productive forest lands have naturally the richest bird assemblages but tend to be also most intensively managed. Sustainable solutions to this conflict are unclear. Aim To assess bird assemblages and their successional dynamics in planted Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands compared to naturally developing stands. Methods We mapped breeding bird assemblages in forty 5-ha plots on highly productive soils in Estonia. The plots included sets of naturally regenerated and planted stands, and (as successional endpoints) clear-cuts and old stands. Results Planted stands had fewer bird species and pairs than naturally regenerated stands; the latter having a species composition resembling late-successional deciduous-dominated stands. Importantly, the species composition in mature spruce plantations converged toward the composition observed in late-successional conifer-dominated stands. Downed dead wood, stand age, deciduous trees, and stock density were the most significant stand characteristics shaping bird assemblages. Conclusion The habitat value of established spruce plantations can be primarily improved by allowing for some deciduous trees and gaps with deciduous undergrowth. At the landscape scale, the bird diversity of even-aged systems would be enhanced by multi-scale applications of retention forestry—from retention trees to old-growth set-asides.

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    Annals of Forest Science
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Forest Science
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  • Authors: H. Hain; Rein Ahas;

    SUMMARY This paper describes and analyses the structure of illegal forestry in Estonia in 1998–2002. A short background detailing the terms related to illegal forestry is followed by an analysis of the causes of illegal forestry in Estonia and their relationship to the post-Soviet policy reforms. The structure and dynamics of illegal forestry are then described. Field studies, interviews and document analyses provide an overview of the estimated extent of selected forms of illegal forestry. The results indicate that over 50% of the timber extracted from private forests during 1998–2002 was likely to have been related to one or more forms of illegal forestry as forest theft, environmental damage or tax violations. The role of the forest resource use policy in creating a favourable situation for emergence and expansion of illegal forestry is then discussed. It is concluded that post-Soviet liberal policy reforms have enabled illegal forestry to emerge, while political reluctance to acknowledge the whole sco...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Regino Kask; Harri Lille; Mihkel Kiviste; Silver Kruus; +1 Authors

    The objective of this study was to explore some of the physical and mechanical properties of 9-layer birch (Betula spp.) plywood with the addition of phenol-formaldehyde glue, in cases in which the cutting edges of the samples are coated with the damp-proof mastic Fibergum, and in case in which they remain unprocessed (uncoated), following a total of ten cycles of soaking/oven-drying. The properties to be determined were the bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE), thickness swelling (TS) and restore dimensions (RD), which were tested according to the European standards (EN). A linear-fractional equation and linear relationship were used for the approximation of any change in the physical and mechanical properties of the samples depending upon the number of soaking/oven-drying cycles. It was shown that the values of the properties investigated were most affected by the first soaking and drying cycle. Thereafter, BS and MOE levels decreased smoothly at a low rate, but the values of TS became stabilised. The BS and MOE values for the wet samples with coated cutting edges were higher than when they were uncoated, as the moisture levels in the former case were lower. After the first soaking of the samples with coated cutting edges, the retention values were as follows: BS at 52.8 % and 66.7 % for the major and minor axes, respectively, with the same applying to MOE at 61.9 % and 64.2 %, while TS was at 105.2 %. To clarify the phenomenon that causes a decrease of the properties, the face plies and edge structures of the initial dry samples and of the samples after the first, second and ninth soaking/oven-drying cycles were studied using the X-Ray technique.Ključne riječi

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    Drvna Industrija
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    Drvna Industrija
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Drvna Industrija
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      Drvna Industrija
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Pauls Zeltiņš; Āris Jansons; Virgilijus Baliuckas; Ahto Kangur;

    Abstract The breeding of forest tree species in the Baltic region has notably contributed to wood production for the bioeconomy. Growth modelling is used for long-term estimates of forest development. However, usually based on data from unimproved stands, they may underestimate the growth of improved trees. Accordingly, it is important to identify and integrate the altered stand dynamics associated with improved planting stock into existing growth models to accurately capture the resulting gains or, alternatively, develop new functions specifically designed for improved trees. We used the generalized algebraic difference approach to model and analyze height growth patterns of Scots pine and silver birch with different genetic improvement levels (improved forest reproductive material categories ‘qualified’ and ‘tested’). Modelling was based on 14 260 and 55 926 height–age series from open-pollinated progeny trials in Latvia and Lithuania with an age range of 3–46 and 5–22 years for pine and birch, respectively. Dynamic generalized algebraic difference approach forms of commonly applied height growth functions with forest reproductive material-category-specific sets of coefficients were tested. The dynamic form of the Chapman–Richards and King–Prodan equations had the best fit for Scots pine and silver birch, respectively. The expected height growth of the category ‘tested’ was slightly better than the one for ‘qualified’, with more distinct differences in silver birch. The model with forest reproductive material-category-specific coefficients reflected the actual growth of improved trees; however, such application is limited to sites with medium and high site indices, where improved planting stock is typically used. We recommend the model for young stands up to the age of 20 and 40 years for pine and birch, respectively, considering the empirical data cover on which the functions are based. A unified dynamic height model with the same functional form but category-specific parameterization for different improvement levels allows a practical applicability and effective communication amongst diverse users, thereby promoting the utilization of the model amongst forest owners and managers who possess information regarding the origin of planting stock.

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    Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Forestry An Internat...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pauls Zeltiņš; Guntars Šņepsts; Jānis Donis; Raitis Rieksts-Riekstiņš; +2 Authors

    The breeding of economically important forest tree species in the Baltic Sea region has contributed notably to the availability of quality wood for bioeconomy. Accordingly, the altered stand dynamics of improved trees should be identified and incorporated in growth models to accurately reflect these gains. Such advanced models can be used for assessment of different alternatives, e.g. strategies for increased carbon sequestration. We tested and modified dynamic forms of the King-Prodan height growth function based on the remeasured National Forest Inventory plots in Latvia to predict the growth of improved Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch forest reproductive material (FRM) categories ‘qualified’ and ‘tested’ using height measurements from progenies of 371, 390, and 690 open-pollinated families, respectively. Both categories had steeper growth trajectories at young age compared to an unmodified function. Growth of category ‘tested’ for pine and birch exceeded that of category ‘qualified’ across the modelled age range, while trajectories mainly overlapped for spruce on lower site indices. The functions with FRM category-specific multipliers more accurately reflect the actual growth of improved stands, advancing planning of timely management activities like thinning. The single model with category-specific set of multipliers may be easy applicable in practice or incorporated in growth simulators without increased complexity for end-users. However, the predictions are limited to the sites with medium and high site indices, where improved planting stock is typically used. Keywords: GADA approach, dynamic modelling, tree breeding, FRM categories

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    BALTIC FORESTRY
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      BALTIC FORESTRY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mikko Buht; Allar Padari; Jürgen Aosaar; Mats Varik; +6 Authors

    The values of the fractional distribution of aboveground (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), root/shoot ratios (R/S) and stemwood density were estimated for silver (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) along site index and age gradients for Estonia. Biomass models were used, in which the diameter at breast height (D1.3, measured above root collar), tree height, age and site index served as independent variables. The models for AGB and BGB were elaborated based on the data of 117 and 30 model trees, respectively. Strong allometric relationships were revealed between D1.3 and total AGB (with foliage), stem mass and BGB. For trees with D1.3 < 15 cm, individual models predicted similar biomass patterns for both species, for larger trees, species-specific models are suggested. The relative share of stem mass in AGB was 80–90% for all site index and age classes, being significantly higher for silver birch. The average relative share of stembark, branches, leaves and the R/S, were significantly higher for downy birch. Mean oven-dry mass stemwood density for silver and downy birch was 0.573 g cm−3, there was no statistically significant difference between the species. The mean R/S ratio was 0.29 and 0.43 for silver and downy birch, respectively.

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    Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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    Authors: Janis Ivanovs; Andis Lazdins; Mait Lang;

    Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is used to predict different forest inventory parameters; however, the ALS point cloud properties depend on various parameters such as the type of ALS scanner employed, flight altitude and scanning angle, forest stand structure, forest tree species composition, vegetation season, etc. This study used national coverage high-resolution ALS data with minimum point density of 4 points per square meter in combination with field data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) to build forest stand height models for forest stands dominated by 6 most common tree species in Latvian mixed forest stands, viz. Pinus sylvestris L., Betula pendula Roth, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Populus tremula L., Alnus incana (L.) Moench and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. for the various ALS scanners employed and at different growing seasons. The selected NFI plots are divided into modelling and validation datasets in a ratio of 3 : 1. The results show that for a universal forest stand height model, the RMSE value is 1.91 m and the MAE is 1.41 m. For the forest stand height models, which are stratified by scanner, individual tree species and seasons, the RMSE value is within the limits of 1.4 m for forest stands dominated by Scots pine in leaf-on canopy condition to 3.8 m for birch in leaf-off canopy condition. Key words: forest inventory, airborne laser scanning, phenology, large scale forest mapping 

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    BALTIC FORESTRY
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      BALTIC FORESTRY
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  • Authors: Kalev Adamson; Karin Kütt; Marili Vester; Katrin Jürimaa; +2 Authors
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    Authors: K. Aun; M. Kukumägi; M. Varik; M. Uri; +7 Authors

    Clear-cutting is an extensively used silvicultural method in the Nordic and Baltic countries, which strongly influences the site’s carbon (C) budget. In the current study, C budgets for a young silver birch stand chronosequence (2–8-year-old) were compiled using the C budgeting method. High variability of annual NEP between stands of similar ages occurred, as the C accumulation ability of young stands was site specific. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh), the main C efflux from the ecosystem, varied between (3.7 and 6.3 t C ha−1 yr−1) across all stands. Modelling of the annual NEP dynamics across the chronosequence revealed the C compensation point at a stand age of 6 years. The estimated cumulative C loss for the period when NEP was negative was almost 5 t C ha−1 and the amount of lost C could have been recaptured already in a 10-year-old stand. The C sink capacity of the studied sites depended mostly on the production of herbaceous plants until the production of the new tree generation became the main driver of ecosystem’s net primary production. Hence, site’s C accumulation capacity largely depends on the density and quality of the new forest regeneration.

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    Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
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    Authors: Heiki Hepner; Oliver Lukason; Reimo Lutter; Allar Padari; +2 Authors

    Hybrid aspen is one of the most promising tree species for short-rotation forestry in Northern Europe. After the clearcutting of hybrid aspen plantation, the next generation arises from root and stump sprouts. The economic feasibility of different management strategies of hybrid aspen coppice stands has not yet been comprehensively evaluated in Northern Europe. We compared the land expectation values (LEVs) of hybrid aspen coppice stands managed according to four scenarios: three early thinning methods (corridor, cross-corridor and single-tree) followed by conventional management and intensive bioenergy production (repeated harvests in 5-year rotations) over a 25-year period in hemiboreal Estonia. We considered the historic price volatility of aspen wood assortments under various discount rates (1–20%). We found that the 25-year rotation with different early thinning methods was more profitable than short bioenergy cycles in the case of low discount rates (< 5%). The LEV of short coppice cycles for only bioenergy production became more profitable in comparison with those by thinning methods, when higher discount rates (> 10%) were applied. Hybrid aspen coppice stands can be managed profitably, but more risks are taken when the management strategy focuses only on bioenergy production.

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    Forests
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    Forests
    Article . 2021
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      Forests
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    Authors: Eliisa Pass; Raido Kont; Asko Lõhmus;

    Abstract Key message Bird assemblages in planted spruce (Picea abies L.) forests were compositionally distinct from those in naturally regenerated mixed stands. Despite rapid stand development on productive soils, even-aged silviculture cannot host most old-forest species. However, their habitat quality could be supported in landscape mosaics with retention forestry and set-asides. Context The most productive forest lands have naturally the richest bird assemblages but tend to be also most intensively managed. Sustainable solutions to this conflict are unclear. Aim To assess bird assemblages and their successional dynamics in planted Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands compared to naturally developing stands. Methods We mapped breeding bird assemblages in forty 5-ha plots on highly productive soils in Estonia. The plots included sets of naturally regenerated and planted stands, and (as successional endpoints) clear-cuts and old stands. Results Planted stands had fewer bird species and pairs than naturally regenerated stands; the latter having a species composition resembling late-successional deciduous-dominated stands. Importantly, the species composition in mature spruce plantations converged toward the composition observed in late-successional conifer-dominated stands. Downed dead wood, stand age, deciduous trees, and stock density were the most significant stand characteristics shaping bird assemblages. Conclusion The habitat value of established spruce plantations can be primarily improved by allowing for some deciduous trees and gaps with deciduous undergrowth. At the landscape scale, the bird diversity of even-aged systems would be enhanced by multi-scale applications of retention forestry—from retention trees to old-growth set-asides.

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    Annals of Forest Science
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Annals of Forest Science
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