• Rural Digital Europe

"As the reform process towards a mixed economy proceeds in China, there have been a variety of approaches to local management of forested lands, including common property arrangements. In China, incremental reforms towards a mixed economy began in 1978. The reforms have been carried out under the auspices of the communist party, but the party has allowed considerable local experimentation with organizational form and property rights for resource management. This has produced a rich body of experience that must be considered within the context of an unusual approach to law and social change where law is seen as the capstone of the change process by which the state finally approves and consolidates successful social and economic experiments. In the reforms of rural production organization in China during the late 1970s and the 1980s, the agricultural sector was the main focus of attention. Large communes were broken into smaller units, often corresponding to the smaller cooperatives from which they had been formed in an earlier consolidation. The smaller cooperatives, in turn, had often been based on pre-revolutionary village units. The reforms retained land as a public good, but they clarified the nature and locus of public ownership and management authority over land and associated resources. The 1982 Constitution (art. 10) and the National Land Administration Law which came into force in 1987 (arts 8 and 12) confirmed that the new "administrative villages" had succeeded to ownership of the land and that land might be assigned to smaller units or households for management. The land included all house sites, private plots of cropland and associated wasteland and mountain land."

"The village forests programme of a UNDP/FAO project in Benin aims to provide fuelwood, timber and fodder, to increase soil fertility through nitrogen-fixing species and to provide examples of multi-purpose forestry for demonstrations."

Der «IDANE Wald+ Science-Policy Dialogue» ist eine erweiterte Diskussionsplattform zu internationalen waldpolitischen Themen mit spezifischen Beiträgen aus der Schweizer Wissenschaft. Im Dezember 2021 organisierte die Abteilung Wald des Bundesamts für Umwelt (BAFU) die erste Sitzung des IDANE Wald+. Die zweite Sitzung findet im Oktober 2022 zum Thema «Wald, Bäume und Partnerschaften» statt. Neben Diskussionsplattformen gibt es diverse weitere Gefässe und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für den Austausch zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. Dazu gehören verschiedene Beratermodelle. Diese werden hier vorgestellt und mit Beispielen aus dem waldpolitischen Kontext erläutert.

"There is increasing recognition that the participation of rural people is essential for sustainable development. Therefore, as concern over the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, including forests, continues to rise, it is crucial to consider the perceptions and priorities of local people with regard to environmental issues. In Nepal, the Institute of Forestry at Pokhara is implementing a programme to give both teachers and students insights into the social issues of forestry development, and to ensure fuller incorporation of these issues into forestry training curricula. As one part of this effort, undertaken with assistance from FAO and Yale University's Forestry and Environment Studies School under a grant from the United States Agency for International Development, the Institute of Forestry has started a programme of field research. This article reproduces comments of local people recorded during a field trip on 16 and 17 January 1990 in and near the villages of Lahchowk and Ghachowk, Kaski District, located in the mid-Himalayan hills of Nepal."

Artificial regeneration is successful when high-performing seedlings are transported with care to the planting site, stored for a short period in an environment without desiccation or fungal growth, and planted in a deep hole, so roots are in contact with moist soil. One of the requirements for success is the ability to avoid common planting mistakes. Due, in part, to the use of container stock plus an increase in rainfall, the average first-year survival of pine seedlings (89%) in the southern United States is about 15% greater now than 45 years ago. However, when survival is less than 50% six months after planting, some landowners seek reimbursement for their loss. Some assume poor seedling quality was the cause without realizing that anaerobic soils or sudden freeze events, shallow planting holes, pruning roots, a lack of rain or underground insects can kill pines. With a focus on pines planted in the southern United States, we list non-nursery factors that have killed seedlings in North America, Africa and Europe.

Field observations of external wounds associated with two common tree injection methods compared open (plug-less) and sealed (plug) systems in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) trees . A wound from any cause within 1.37 meters above the ground was common with 28.8% of all trees. The open system had statistically fewer (p<0.001) trees with at least one wound (11.6% of trees) than the sealed system (47.4% of trees). The open system had fewer (P<0.001) wounds (0.17, 0.04 SE) per tree and a smaller (P<0.001) total wound area (25.5 cm2, 8.7 SE) per tree, compared to the sealed system wounds (1.14, 0.13 SE) per tree and the total wound area (99.7 cm2, 16.2 SE) per tree. The incidence of a tree with a wound(s) within 1.37 m above the ground was 7.2 times more likely with trees treated though the sealed system. Wounds in the sealed system were observed to appear to have a high rate of improper application of plugs, which was associated in 77% of the cases to explain the wounds. Implications of study results are further provided to best protect ash trees, while at the same time reducing the incidence external wounding on ash trees.

"Five World Bank financed projects, from Malaysia, Colombia, Kenya, Indonesia and the Philippines, are examined from the point of view of how they answer human needs for the kind of sustainable forestry and farming that are harmonious with tropical forest ecosystems."

"The invasion of reserved forest areas by encroaching farmers is a problem in many countries. In the 1970s the Government of Thailand began a programme designed to meet the needs of the small farmers while at the same time rebuilding the forest. This authorized regulated agricultural use of reserve forest land combined with land rehabilitation for forestry. In 1979 a UNDP/FAO pilot forestry project was undertaken to assist in developing an implementation process for an implementation process for the programme. The initial operational phase of the project was concluded in late 1986. This article is a condensed version of a project assessment report, prepared for FAO by the author. It describes what the project sought to accomplish, by what means, and with what results, as foresters set out to become partners in development with the small farmers. The emphasis is on the socio-economic goals of the project since these were far more complex for all concerned than the technical forestry issues."

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