• Rural Digital Europe
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The purpose of this study is to develop knowledge about why digitization can be precarious, what problems can arise and how digitization has become a pedagogic issue. This was done by transcribing and analyzing podcasts where advisors, termed digitization experts, discuss their observations. Furthermore, the survey presents the issues as formulated by the digitization experts, the solutions they offer and how digitization affects social and pedagogical processes. The collected data was analyzed with a sociocultural perspective and interpreted with a hermeneutic methodology. The study presents how the political agenda has influenced technological development and describes how technological aids have been criticized from as early as the 1950s, as well as more recent research that deals with the same field. The study concludes that digitization to a large extent affects how values, knowledge and skills arise and change individuals. It appears that digitization can inhibit pedagogical processes. The findings suggest that digital transformation entails risks that can be avoided if people are made aware of them. Furthermore, the results indicate that to create a sustainable digital work environment, companies need to make more comprehensive cultural changes as the digital transformation places new demands on, among other things, the work environment and leadership. It also appears that digitization has created a new form of equality issues where certain social groups risk being excluded and discriminated against. The results also demonstrate that to create a sustainable digital work environment, it needs to be developed on the basis that it should be to the benefit of the people and to support work processes, not replace them. It was also discovered that the digitization experts' statements are often based on a management perspective rather than an employee perspective. 

Digital tools like Big data and Artificial Intelligence will have a more important element in the accounting industry and in order to utilize the tools in the organization, employees need to develop their knowledge in order to interpret and analyze information. In the study we investigate how organizations work with knowledge management in regards to how digitalisation affects the industry. The knowledge that exists in the organization can be divided into two dimensions; tacit and explicit knowledge. The dimensions are used to identify how organizations utilize the knowledge that exists in organizations and how it can be converted and made available to employees. The study was conducted through a case study based on qualitative data collected via interviews. The study shows that the common denominator was that all organizations stored explicit knowledge in digital systems. How the organizations worked with tacit knowledge varied and some organizations worked more actively and had the opportunity to exchange experiences or worked continuously with the exchange of knowledge through coaching. In some organizations, it was up to the employees themselves to identify and share their knowledge. Digitaliseringens påverkan på redovisningsbranschen ökar allt mer och vi befinner oss i ett skede där digitalisering är en central del i många organisationer. Digitala verktyg som Big data och artificiell intelligens kommer ha ett viktigare inslag i redovisningsbranschen och för att tillgodogöra verktygen i organisationen krävs det att medarbetarna utvecklar sina kunskaper. Allt fler arbetsuppgifter kräver en förmåga att kunna tolka och analysera information och detta bygger på medarbetarens kunskaper. I studien undersöker vi hur organisationer arbetar med kunskapshantering med hänsyn till hur digitalisering påverkar branschen. Kunskapen som finns i organisationen kan delas upp i två dimensioner; tyst och explicit kunskap. Dimensionerna används för att identifiera hur organisationer tillvaratar kunskapen som finns i organisationer och hur den kan konverteras och göras tillgänglig för medarbetarna. Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie som bygger på kvalitativ datainsamling via intervjuer. Intervjuernas struktur karakteriseras av semistrukturerade intervjuer och behandlade frågor om kunskapshantering och digitalisering. Analysen av intervjuerna har gjorts med inspiration från grundad teori som kategoriserar samband och avvikelser i respondenternas svar. Studien visar att organisationerna i redovisningsbranschen hanterar kunskap på olika sätt. Det som är gemensamt är att alla organisationer använder sig av explicit kunskap som lagras i digitala system. Hur organisationerna arbetar med tyst kunskap varierar och några organisationer arbetar mer aktivt och har avsatta tillfällen för erfarenhetsutbyten eller arbetar löpande med utbyte av kunskap via coachning. I några organisationer är det upp till medarbetarna själva att identifiera och dela med sig av sin kunskap. En tolkning är att utifrån resultaten som framgick av studien verkar kunskapshantering var ett område som organisationer behöver arbeta mer med. Organisationernas fokus ligger för närvarande på effektiva lösningar för arbetsuppgifter och att med effektiva lösningar går vi mot en mer kunskapsdriven bransch där medarbetarnas kunskap behöver tas tillvara på mer än någonsin

Knowledge is very important when working within an organization, partly knowledge of its tasks but also knowledge of the organization and how it works. In order for the knowledge to be retained within the company, a functioning knowledge transfer between employees and new employees is required. This can also be done by digitalization of processes and routines. In this study, we investigate whether knowledge transfer within IT departments can be made more efficient and, if so, how. During this study, we have collaborated with the pension company Alecta and their IT department. We did an interview with the chief architect at Alecta and a survey that employees in the IT department responded to. The reason for this was to collect both qualitative and quantitative data to gain a deep and broad understanding of the knowledge transfer at the company. This type of study is called triangulation, which is an application and combination of several research strategies in the same study. The results of this study showed that it is possible to make knowledge transfer more efficient. What we could see from the result was that physical dialogues when you need help and misinterpretation of concepts created an inefficiency in the knowledge transfer process. Based on the interview and the survey, we could see a connection where the human factor is most important when it comes to the efficiency of knowledge transfer. On the other hand, the results also showed that digital means and tools can facilitate the processes within the knowledge transfer and thereby also make it more efficient. Kunskap är väldigt viktigt när man arbetar inom en organisation, dels kunskap om sina arbetsuppgifter, dels kunskap om organisationen och hur den fungerar. För att kunskapen ska kunna behållas inom företaget krävs en fungerande kunskapsöverföring mellan medarbetare och nyanställda. Detta kan även göras genom digitalisering av processer och rutiner. Vi undersöker i denna uppsats om kunskapsöverföring inom IT-avdelningar kan effektiviseras och i så fall hur. Under detta arbete har vi samarbetat med pensionsbolaget Alecta och deras IT-avdelning. I denna undersökning utförde vi en intervju med chefsarkitekten på Alecta samt en enkätundersökning som anställda på IT-avdelningen besvarade. Anledningen till detta var för att samla in både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data för att få en djup och bred förståelse om kunskapsöverföringen på företaget. Denna typ av studie kallas för triangulering vilket är en tillämpning och kombination av flera forskningsstrategier i samma studie. Resultatet av denna undersökning visade att det går att effektivisera kunskapsöverföringen. Det vi kunde se var att fysiska dialoger när man behöver hjälp och misstolkning av begrepp skapade en ineffektivitet i kunskapsöverföringsprocessen. Utifrån intervjun och enkätundersökningen noterade vi ett samband där den mänskliga faktorn har störst betydelse när det gäller effektiviteten av kunskapsöverföringen. Däremot visade även resultatet att digitala medel och verktyg kan underlätta processerna inom kunskapsöverföringen och därigenom även effektivisera den.

The subject of this master's thesis is how digitisation changes the understanding of textual archival matter. Drawing on document theory and media theory, the concept of digitisation is analysed as remediation, the repro - duction of one medium in another. A key theoretical assumption is that digitisation is not a neutral process, and conceptualising digitisation as remediation is a way of analysing the changed charasteristics of archival matter when represented in another medium. A tentative model for analysing remediated archival matter is presented, identifying three aspects or dimensions as crucial in understanding how remediation affects the interpretation of archival matter: the document dimension, the media dimension and the institutional dimension. The source material for this thesis are four instances of digitised archival material, each conceptualised and analysed as a case study. The four case studies are: a digitised archival volume from the archives of Swedish art museum Moderna Museet; the digitised typewritten manuscript of the poem ”De sju dödssynderna” (”The seven deadly sins”) by Swedish author and poet Karin Boye, available on the cultural heritage portal Alvin; a digitised handwritten notebook forming part of the manuscript for the novel To the Lighthouse by English author Virginia Woolf, available on the website Woolf Online; the digitised verdict from Swedish court of justice Kammarrätten (Administrative Court of Appeal) regarding the age rating for the film The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part One. It is argued that the digitised archival material in each case study has the character of a digital facsimile, whose charasteristics are dependent upon choices made in its production as well as mode of presentation. It is further argued that the characteristics of each digital facsimile shape and mediate the understanding of the archi - val matter, and that some kinds of information, e. g. textual information, are more easily represented than others, e. g. material information. In the light of these results, the changing role of the archive and the possibilities of different kinds of rese - arch are discussed. The original value of this master's thesis lies in its further development of the concept of re - mediation as a concept in archival science as well as deepening the understanding of the interpretative fra - meworks surrounding digitised archival matter. This is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

Med den teknologiska utvecklingen samt näringslivets behov av kompetensutveckling har den professionella utbildningsbranschen sett en radikal ökning av digitala utbildningar. Traditionell klassrumsutbildning sätts nu på sin spets där aktörer som tidigare varit framgångsrika inom detta nu ställs inför behovet av att digitalisera dess utbildningserbjudanden. När digitala teknologier används för att förändra värdeskapande aktiviteter kan det förorsaka omvälvande förändringar för dessa aktörer. I arbetet med att anpassa organisationen utefter förändringen uppkommer flera organisatoriska utmaningar som behöver hanteras. Däremot lyser studier som behandlar chefs- samt medarbetarperspektiv med sin frånvaro vilket är av vikt för att förstå organisationens anpassning. Utifrån åtta intervjuer med chefer och medarbetare på ett fallföretag ämnar studien förstå hanteringen av de upplevda organisatoriska utmaningarna. Ergo, utmaningar som kommer med att anpassa organisationen utefter en digital transformation som förorsakats av digitaliseringen av ett huvudsakligt tjänsteerbjudande. Detta analyseras i huvudsak utifrån organisatoriskt lärande för att förklara fallföretagets anpassning. Resultatet visar på flera gemensamt upplevda utmaningar till anpassning som exempelvis: struktur, kompetens, samt kunskapsdelning. Vidare hur hanteringen av utmaningarna kan antydas främja en anpassning utefter digitaliseringen av ett tjänsteerbjudande. Däremot urskiljs att viss hantering kvarstår då det finns utmaningar som inte hanterats eller hanterats på ett sätt som inte främjar anpassning. With technological development and the B2Bs need for skills development, the professional education industry has seen a radical increase in digital education. Traditional classroom education is now at the forefront, where actors who have previously been successful in this area now face the need to digitize their educational offerings. When technology changes value-creating activities, it causes revolutionary changes for these actors. When adapting the organization to the change several organizational challenges that need to be addressed, arise. Studies that deal with managerial and employee perspectives shine with their absence, which is important for understanding the organization's adaptation. Based on eight interviews with managers and employees, this study intends to understand the handling of perceived organizational challenges. Ergo, challenges that arise with adapting the organization to a digital transformation caused by the digitalization of a service-offering. This is analyzed mainly through organizational learning to explain the company's adaptation. Results show commonly perceived challenges to adaptation, such as: structure, competence, and knowledge-sharing. Furthermore, how the handling can suggest an adaptation according to the digitalization of a service-offer. Moreover, that handling remains as there are challenges that have not been handled or has been handled in a way that does not promote adaptation.

According to the UN, several problems are expected to arise due to the longer life span of future generations. In conjunction with a reduced amount of healthcare personnel, lifted by the WHO, a predictable crisis is yet to come. To counteract this problem many nations have turned to digitalisation. For example, Sweden is currently working towards "Vision e-hälsa 2025", which among others implies becoming the world leader in using digitalised solutions by 2025. Digitalisation in the healthcare sector implicates to upgrade existing systems or implementing new Healthcare Information Systems (HIS). This master thesis focuses on the implementation processes of HIS, which need to be improved in order to achieve the earlier mentioned goal. A literature review was conducted where relevant strategies and barriers within implementation processes in healthcare were identified. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews with practitioners resulted in the finding of ten categories and four themes (group of categories) through qualitative analysis. The categories and themes are circumstances that affect implementations; the following were the most influential in an implementation: Planning, Communication, Practical Training and Follow-up & End-user involvement. In conclusion, the improvement of one or all of the circumstances above could contribute to a faster digitalisation in the healthcare sector. Finally, the authors suggested some of the selected strategies and other solutions as tools for improvement. This study contributes to current knowledge about implementations by discovering important gaps between knowledge and practice. Moreover, this study contributes partially to a methodological discovery in visualisation analysis.

The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the various forms of competence development that are brought to the fore by digitalization in retail. Two research questions have been formulated. In what ways is the acquisition of new knowledge about digital tools supported? and what social and practical consequences are there for employees in digitalisation based on the support functions they can use? Previous research highlights aspects of support an employee has to participate in digital change processes and shows that digitization is not only about technology but is also a pedagogical issue. Empirics has been collected through qualitative interviews with eight retail employees who work at a mediumsized electronics company. The company has undergone an extensive digital change process. The theoretical starting point for the study is the socio-cultural theoretical concepts, scaffolding and artifacts. The study is based on grounded theory and has an exploratory approach. The results showed four scaffolding processes employees use to learn in a digital change process. These are collegial, formally instrumented, interactive and improvised support functions. Furthermore, results also showed the consequences the scaffolding processes had for the employees. Collegial support was one of the support functions that the employees strongly relied on, but results showed that it was not as reliable when several changes took place at the same time or in the event of collaboration difficulties. Formally instructed support from the company served mostly as an overview and could be perceived as insufficient. Interactive support became more useful when the company digitized as more interaction took place via digital tools. Finally, Improvisational support implies that the employees themselves take responsibility for their learning with the company's support. However, this could result in the employees never learning what the company expected. Denna studie har som syfte att få en djupare förståelse för vilka olika former av kompetensutveckling som aktualiseras av digitalisering inom detaljhandeln. Två forskningsfrågor har formulerats. På vilka sätt stöds tillägnandet av ny kunskap om digitala redskap? och vilka sociala och praktiska konsekvenser finns det för medarbetarna i digitaliseringen utifrån de stödfunktioner de kan använda sig av? Tidigare forskning lyfter aspekter kring vad som stödjer en medarbetare till att delta i digitala förändringsprocesser och visar att digitalisering inte endast handlar om teknologi utan även är en pedagogisk fråga. Empirin har insamlats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta stycken medarbetare i detaljhandeln som arbetar på ett mellanstort hemelektronikföretag. Företaget har genomgått en omfattande digital förändringsprocess. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien är de sociokulturella teoretiska begreppen, stöttor och artefakter. Studien utgår ifrån grundad teori och har en explorativ ansats. Resultaten visade på fyra stycken stöttor medarbetare använder sig för att lära sig i en digital förändringsprocess. Dessa är kollegiala, formellt instruerade, interaktiva och improviserade stöttor. Vidare visade resultaten även på de konsekvenser stöttorna fick för medarbetarna. Den kollegiala stöttan var en av de stöttor medarbetarna starkt förlitade sig på men att den var inte lika pålitlig när flera förändringar skedde samtidigt eller vid samarbetssvårigheter. De formellt instruerade stöttorna från företaget fungerade mest som en överblick och kunde upplevas som otillräckliga. Interaktiva stöttor blir mer användbara när företaget digitaliserar då mer interaktion sker via digitala verktyg. Slutligen handlar den improviserade stöttan om att medarbetare själva tar ansvar för sitt lärande med företagets stöd. Detta kunde dock resultera i att medarbetarna aldrig tog till sig de kunskaper företaget förväntade sig.

In the wake of climate change to provide timely information is a must to ensure that the most vulnerable people are protected, and development gains secured. Particularly in agriculture and food security, providing information on time is vital to secure people’s livelihoods. Many actors in the development and humanitarian field have therefor adapted seemingly neutral technologies in their programs to ensure localised and timely information. However, passive technologies are actively implemented into intersecting local power dynamics. Gender among race, class, ethnicity and caste is an essential determinant of the access to power and resources. In India, women contribute up to 80 per cent of the work in rural settings if accounting for care work and unpaid labour on the family farm. However, women are also significantly less likely to own and operate a smartphone or generally benefit from the digitalisation process as they lack digital skills. This study explores the root causes of this disadvantage, detangling economic and social drivers through qualitative expert interviews. Primarily, it investigates the importance of social norms as the main driver. The interviews were analysed through thematic coding with the program Atlas.ti. The results strongly indicated that gender norms lead to the minimisation of women’s contributions in the rural economy while reverting their existences to their reproductive functions. Economic barriers, such as economic dependency, meanwhile can be primarily attributed to strict social norms rather than being own determents of inequality. The financial dependency then again leads to structural imbalances which consequentially solidifies already existing marginalisation’s. While India in recent decades has not needed mayor humanitarian interventions, the learnings from this study are equally applicable in the humanitarian setting as technology important. Technology is not neutral or passively adapted. Only when interventions combine their work with gender-sensitivity measures, it can reach the ones most in need. On the other hand, if programs lack to consider these implications, their programs the interventions are not gender-neutral but solidified inequalities and power imbalances. In the last sections, I, therefore, provided recommendations on how to make a technology-based intervention more gender-inclusive. These recommendations are easily adaptable and applicable to other fields of intervention.