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  • Rural Digital Europe

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Takashi Sasaki;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Pro...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Rural Problems
    Article . 1980 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Pro...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Rural Problems
      Article . 1980 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Marica Petrović; Jovana Čikić; Živojin Petrović;

    Agricultural machinery is one aspect, but also indicator of the level of agricultural modernization. The use of agricultural machinery in the working process is a result of the development in science and techniques, but, at the same time, one of the factors of agricultural production improvement. The paper focuses on the analysis of the basic characteristics of agricultural machinery on farms in Vojvodina, as well as on farmers` problems in machinery use and maintenance.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ekonomika Poljoprivr...arrow_drop_down
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    Ekonomika Poljoprivrede (1979)
    Article . 2011
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ekonomika Poljoprivr...arrow_drop_down
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      Ekonomika Poljoprivrede (1979)
      Article . 2011
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  • Authors: Malongo R.S. Mlozi;

    This chapter presents research findings of an urban agriculture project conducted in several towns in Tanzania. It provides an introduction which explains the background to the project, and the main reasons for the persistence of markets for agricultural products within the subsistence economy. The chapter offers a brief discussion of the market flow of agricultural products. In Tanzania’s towns, urban agricultural products come from two sources: from livestock and crop enterprises. In the towns, the marketing of agricultural products is mainly based on several factors. In Tanzania, there are two sources of agricultural products which are sold in the urban markets. First, agricultural products come from household compounds of all socio-economic classes. The second source of agricultural products is the gardens, plots, and various open spaces that are not part of the urban dwellers’ household compounds. Several factors are involved in the production and the marketing operations, and the complexity tends to intensify and exacerbate the problems.

    https://doi.org/10.4...arrow_drop_down
    https://doi.org/10.4324/978042...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.4324/978042...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Karlik, Ali İlker;

    The subject of the thesis ?The Agricultural Organization Models In EU and Turkey is to define the organization mean as a science discipline at social sciences and to glimpse at the organization models in agricultural area in Turkey together with the counterpart organizations in EU. It is aimed in this way that searchers and decision makers may compare the structures of agricultural organizations in Turkey and EU. In the frame of the study, coincide problems in the agricultural area and solution suggestions to manage them take place at the end of the thesis.Agriculture sector still has a key importance in economy of a country because of to meet the food requirement of the population, to supply the raw materials to industry, to deploy some of population, and so on. As an economical sector, in agriculture, it can be assumed to productivity and affectivity of agricultural organizations has a significant role on macro economy of country. On the other hand, mentioned functions of agricultural organizations may have a direct contribution on rural development. So, this strategic role makes these organizations attractive to as an instrument on the base of development Public intervention and public auditing has an importance on defining the method of organization structures.It is obvious that the number of agricultural organizations and rate of their members to general population, Turkey approaches the counterparts in EU, but these organizations in Turkey still can?t be as effective as in EU at the economy, because lack of coordination and organization awareness. In the study it is aimed to find the response of the question ?why the agricultural organizations managed a reasonable way on economies in EU countries but not in Turkey?? As it is thought, with this study some basic matters diagnosed, some specific solution suggestions offered in the thesis. In the study it is practiced on ?historical research methods? and ?descriptive research methods. Avrupa Birliğinde ve Türkiye'de Tarımsal Organizasyonlar tezimin konusu, Sosyal Bilimlerde bilimsel disiplin ışığı altında organizasyonun anlamını tanımlamak ve Türkiye'deki tarımsal organizasyonlar ile birlikte Avrupa Birliği ülkelerindeki tarımsal örgüt modellerine kısa bir bakış yapmaktır.Bu yolla, araştırmacılar ve karar vericiler, Türkiye'de ve ABD'deki tarımsal yapıları kıyaslayabileceklerdir. Çalışmanın ışığında öncelikle tarımsal alandaki sorunlar tespit edilerek, tezin sonucunda bunlara çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.Tarım sektörü, nüfusun yiyecek ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak, endüstriye hammadde sağlamak, nüfusun bir kısmını istihdam etmek gibi nedenlerle bir ülkenin ekonomisinde anahtar sektör rolündedir. Ekonomik bir sektör olarak tarım sektörünün etkinliği ve üretkenliğini artırmak, tarımsal organizasyonların makro ekonomi üstündeki etkinliğine bağlıdır.Diğer tarafları tarımsal örgütler kırsal kalkınma üzerinde de doğrudan katkıya sahiptir. Türkiye'deki tarımsal organizasyonların sayıları ve nüfusa oranla üretici kesimin bunların ortaklığı, AB üyesi ülkelere yaklaşmaktadır. Fakat Türkiye'deki bu organizasyonlar, koordinasyon eksikliği ve organizasyon bozukluğu gerekçeleri ile Avrupa'daki benzerleri kadar etkin değildir. Bu çalışma ?Türkiye'deki tarımsal örgütlerin Avrupa Birliği'ndeki örgütlerle neden eşdeğer olmadığı? sorusuna cevap bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Düşünüldüğü gibi, bu çalışmada tespit ve tavsiyeler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tarihsel araştırma metodu ve tanımlayıcı araştırma metodu kullanılmıştır. 102

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: D. Epstein; Andrew Schmitz; William H. Meyers;
    https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
    https://doi.org/10.1079/978178...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Part of book or chapter of book . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Yang Wang; Limin Wang; Xiangyu Guo;

    Agricultural social service system is strong support for agricultural development. According to the experiences of developing agriculture from countries all over the world, agricultural social service system plays a significant role in promoting the steady growth of agricultural production, increasing income of farmers and realizing agricultural modernization. Need-will of current agricultural social services and the corresponding ability to pay of farmers were analyzed. Farmers' demand of agricultural social services were agricultural technology services, agricultural information services, agricultural material supply services, agricultural credit services, agricultural machinery-operation services, agricultural infrastructure construction services, agricultural post-natal services and agricultural insurance services according to demand degree from strong to weak. By using ELES extended linear expenditure model, combining the data of farmers' income and expenditure, it could be concluded that: 3.44% of rural households was unable to pay for agricultural social services; 18.61% of rural households were lack of the ability to pay; 77.95% had certain ability to pay. Therefore, our state should take some measures to intensify support of agricultural social services and increase moderately towards business services in order to meet the farmers' service demand.

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  • Authors: William M. Liefert; Olga Liefert;
    https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.1079/978178...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Izumi Iwama;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Pro...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Rural Problems
    Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Pro...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Rural Problems
      Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aksakal, Edvar;

    With the Globalised world, even where similarities are demonstrated in the changes that have occured within the economies of the developed and the developing countries because the conditions that every country finds itself in are different the outcome of these changes are also to be different.The economic programs recommended to the developing countries, by organisations such as IMF, DB and WTO who conduct a high level of activity in the developed countries, are in the long term to create instability and be a cause for economic crisis in these countries. In this study the agricultural politics of the developing countries being placed in the lead and the effect of international organisations on these politics have been dealt withIn this study, which is based especially on the example of Turkey, the external and internal dinamics that have affected the agricultural evolution from the Ottomon period to date have been taken into consideration. In Turkey the role of Agriculture in employment, its share in GSMH and during the past period how much and in what way it has benefited from support, has been examined Just like every developing country Turkey also has made efforts to become industrialised and it has been seen how as a result of these efforts joined together with the politics of organisations such as IMF, DB, and WTO agriculture is being liquidated. In conclusion together with the privatisation of the Agricultural KİT?s (Public Economic Enterprises) the support directed towards agriculture over a period of time has been reduced and has resulted in a large amount of impoverishment in the agricultural sector. The external trade agreements signed with the developed countries and the agreements signed with the international organisations have shown parallelisms and it has been understood that these agreements have had a negative effect on the agricultural development of countries which are developing. Küreselleşen dünya ile, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomilerinde meydana gelen değişmeler benzerlik gösterse de her ülkenin bulunduğu koşullar farklı olduğundan bu değişimin sonuçlar da farklı olmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerin büyük bir etkinliğinin olduğu IMF, DB ve WTO gibi kuruluşların, gelişmekte olan ülkelere önerdikleri ekonomik programlar, bu ülkelerin uzun vadede ekonomilerinde istikrarsızlık yaratmakta ve ekonomik krizlere neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, başta gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarım politikalarını ve uluslar arası kuruluşların bu politikalar üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Özellikle Türkiye örneği üzerine yapılan bu çalışmada, Osmanlı'dan günümüze tarımın evrimini etkileyen iç ve dış dinamikler göz önünde tutulmuştur. Türkiye'de tarımın istihdamdaki rolü, GSMH içindeki payı ve geçen sürede desteklemelerden ne kadar ve nasıl yararlandığı incelenmiştir. Gelişmekte olan tüm ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye'nin de sanayileşme çabası olduğunu ve bu çabanın IMF, DB ve WTO gibi kuruluşların politikalarıyla birleşerek tarımın nasıl tasfiye edildiği görülmüştür. Sonuçta, tarımsal KİT'lerin özelleştirilmesiyle tarıma yönelik desteklemeler zaman içerisinde azaltılmış ve tarım kesiminde büyük bir yoksullaşmaya neden olunmuştur. Gelişmiş ülkeler ile imzalanan dış ticaret anlaşmaları ve uluslararası kuruluşlarla imzalanan anlaşmalar paralellik göstermiş ve bu anlaşmaların gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarımsal gelişimini olumsuz etkilediği anlaşılmıştır. 152

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    Authors: Aydin, Bahar;

    In this study, the world agriculture will be analyzed with the connection of rising globalization after 1980s, biotechnical developments and neo-liberal policies. With other words, the conversion of the subsistence traditional agriculture is analyzed in a historical perspective with the facts of today?s world. The modern agricultural techniques, the market economy and commercial production pressure will be discussed. Implications of this structural change in agriculture have different impacts on developed and developing countries. Although productivity increased dramatically in both developed and undeveloped countries, after a while, developed countries had surplus of products and that brought another problem with it to solve. They needed to market their surplus agricultural products. developed countries used ?international organizations? for converting developing countries basic ?local market? and adapted them to ?free market economy?. Although this situation created new markets for developed countries, undeveloped countries became increasingly dependent,in stratejik areas like food, to the developed countries. On the other hand, as the conventional farming started to have negative effects to both human and animal?s health, organic farming emerged. Unfortunately, both methods failed to find a solution to stop hunger. Throughout the world, few multi-national companies dominate the agricultural sector. Finally, all those negative effects have just one solution. Governments have to develop and implement immediate agricultural strategies based on their own agricultural structure which should sustain self-sufficiency. One of the main criteria on this national country plan should be the fair distribution among their citizens. Bu çalışmada küreselleşmenin 1980'lerden sonra hızlanmasında etkili olan neoliberal politikalar ve biyoteknolojik gelişmelerin dünya tarımını nasıl dönüştürdüğü incelenmiştir. Diğer bir ifadeyle dünya genelinde tarım sektörünün geleneksel geçimlik bir faaliyetten, modern tarım tekniklerinin kullanıldığı, piyasa için üretimde bulunan ticari bir faaliyete geçişi tarihsel bir perspektif içinde ele alınmıştır. Tarımın bu yapısal değişiminin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelere yansımaları ise birbirinden farklı olmuştur. Bu değişimler bir taraftan hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde verimliliğin yükselmesine ve tarımsal üretimin artmasına neden oldu. Artan bu üretim bir süre sonra gelişmiş ülkelerde fazla üretim sorunlarına yol açtı. Bu fazla üretimi eritebilmek için ise söz konusu ülkeler, hem genel yapısı hem de ülke koşulları nedeniyle kamu desteğine ihtiyaç duyan gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarım sektörlerini uluslararası örgütler aracılığıyla serbest piyasa koşullarına açtılar. Bu durum gelişmiş ülkelere fazla ürünlerini satacak yeni pazarlar yaratırken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ise beslenme gibi stratejik bir alanda giderek dışa bağımlı hale gelmelerine neden oldu. Diğer taraftan ise insan ve hayvan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilediği vb. gerekçelerle konvansiyonel tarıma alternatif bir yöntem olarak organik tarım yöntemi ortaya çıktı. Fakat her iki yöntemde açlığa bir çözüm getiremedi. Ayrıca dünya genelinde tarım sektörü, birkaç çok uluslu şirketin hakimiyeti altına girdi. Tüm bu olumsuzluklar ise ancak her ülkenin kendi tarımsal yapısına uygun, kendine yeterliliği sağlayacak ve üretilenlerin adil bölüşümünü esas alan devlet politikalarını uygulamasıyla giderilebilinir. 171

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Takashi Sasaki;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Pro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Rural Problems
    Article . 1980 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Rural Problems
      Article . 1980 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Marica Petrović; Jovana Čikić; Živojin Petrović;

    Agricultural machinery is one aspect, but also indicator of the level of agricultural modernization. The use of agricultural machinery in the working process is a result of the development in science and techniques, but, at the same time, one of the factors of agricultural production improvement. The paper focuses on the analysis of the basic characteristics of agricultural machinery on farms in Vojvodina, as well as on farmers` problems in machinery use and maintenance.

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    Ekonomika Poljoprivrede (1979)
    Article . 2011
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      Ekonomika Poljoprivrede (1979)
      Article . 2011
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  • Authors: Malongo R.S. Mlozi;

    This chapter presents research findings of an urban agriculture project conducted in several towns in Tanzania. It provides an introduction which explains the background to the project, and the main reasons for the persistence of markets for agricultural products within the subsistence economy. The chapter offers a brief discussion of the market flow of agricultural products. In Tanzania’s towns, urban agricultural products come from two sources: from livestock and crop enterprises. In the towns, the marketing of agricultural products is mainly based on several factors. In Tanzania, there are two sources of agricultural products which are sold in the urban markets. First, agricultural products come from household compounds of all socio-economic classes. The second source of agricultural products is the gardens, plots, and various open spaces that are not part of the urban dwellers’ household compounds. Several factors are involved in the production and the marketing operations, and the complexity tends to intensify and exacerbate the problems.

    https://doi.org/10.4...arrow_drop_down
    https://doi.org/10.4324/978042...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.4324/978042...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Karlik, Ali İlker;

    The subject of the thesis ?The Agricultural Organization Models In EU and Turkey is to define the organization mean as a science discipline at social sciences and to glimpse at the organization models in agricultural area in Turkey together with the counterpart organizations in EU. It is aimed in this way that searchers and decision makers may compare the structures of agricultural organizations in Turkey and EU. In the frame of the study, coincide problems in the agricultural area and solution suggestions to manage them take place at the end of the thesis.Agriculture sector still has a key importance in economy of a country because of to meet the food requirement of the population, to supply the raw materials to industry, to deploy some of population, and so on. As an economical sector, in agriculture, it can be assumed to productivity and affectivity of agricultural organizations has a significant role on macro economy of country. On the other hand, mentioned functions of agricultural organizations may have a direct contribution on rural development. So, this strategic role makes these organizations attractive to as an instrument on the base of development Public intervention and public auditing has an importance on defining the method of organization structures.It is obvious that the number of agricultural organizations and rate of their members to general population, Turkey approaches the counterparts in EU, but these organizations in Turkey still can?t be as effective as in EU at the economy, because lack of coordination and organization awareness. In the study it is aimed to find the response of the question ?why the agricultural organizations managed a reasonable way on economies in EU countries but not in Turkey?? As it is thought, with this study some basic matters diagnosed, some specific solution suggestions offered in the thesis. In the study it is practiced on ?historical research methods? and ?descriptive research methods. Avrupa Birliğinde ve Türkiye'de Tarımsal Organizasyonlar tezimin konusu, Sosyal Bilimlerde bilimsel disiplin ışığı altında organizasyonun anlamını tanımlamak ve Türkiye'deki tarımsal organizasyonlar ile birlikte Avrupa Birliği ülkelerindeki tarımsal örgüt modellerine kısa bir bakış yapmaktır.Bu yolla, araştırmacılar ve karar vericiler, Türkiye'de ve ABD'deki tarımsal yapıları kıyaslayabileceklerdir. Çalışmanın ışığında öncelikle tarımsal alandaki sorunlar tespit edilerek, tezin sonucunda bunlara çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.Tarım sektörü, nüfusun yiyecek ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak, endüstriye hammadde sağlamak, nüfusun bir kısmını istihdam etmek gibi nedenlerle bir ülkenin ekonomisinde anahtar sektör rolündedir. Ekonomik bir sektör olarak tarım sektörünün etkinliği ve üretkenliğini artırmak, tarımsal organizasyonların makro ekonomi üstündeki etkinliğine bağlıdır.Diğer tarafları tarımsal örgütler kırsal kalkınma üzerinde de doğrudan katkıya sahiptir. Türkiye'deki tarımsal organizasyonların sayıları ve nüfusa oranla üretici kesimin bunların ortaklığı, AB üyesi ülkelere yaklaşmaktadır. Fakat Türkiye'deki bu organizasyonlar, koordinasyon eksikliği ve organizasyon bozukluğu gerekçeleri ile Avrupa'daki benzerleri kadar etkin değildir. Bu çalışma ?Türkiye'deki tarımsal örgütlerin Avrupa Birliği'ndeki örgütlerle neden eşdeğer olmadığı? sorusuna cevap bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Düşünüldüğü gibi, bu çalışmada tespit ve tavsiyeler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tarihsel araştırma metodu ve tanımlayıcı araştırma metodu kullanılmıştır. 102

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  • Authors: D. Epstein; Andrew Schmitz; William H. Meyers;
    https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
    https://doi.org/10.1079/978178...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Yang Wang; Limin Wang; Xiangyu Guo;

    Agricultural social service system is strong support for agricultural development. According to the experiences of developing agriculture from countries all over the world, agricultural social service system plays a significant role in promoting the steady growth of agricultural production, increasing income of farmers and realizing agricultural modernization. Need-will of current agricultural social services and the corresponding ability to pay of farmers were analyzed. Farmers' demand of agricultural social services were agricultural technology services, agricultural information services, agricultural material supply services, agricultural credit services, agricultural machinery-operation services, agricultural infrastructure construction services, agricultural post-natal services and agricultural insurance services according to demand degree from strong to weak. By using ELES extended linear expenditure model, combining the data of farmers' income and expenditure, it could be concluded that: 3.44% of rural households was unable to pay for agricultural social services; 18.61% of rural households were lack of the ability to pay; 77.95% had certain ability to pay. Therefore, our state should take some measures to intensify support of agricultural social services and increase moderately towards business services in order to meet the farmers' service demand.

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  • Authors: William M. Liefert; Olga Liefert;
    https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
    https://doi.org/10.1079/978178...
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      https://doi.org/10.1079/978178...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Izumi Iwama;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Rural Pro...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Rural Problems
    Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Rural Problems
      Article . 1983 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Aksakal, Edvar;

    With the Globalised world, even where similarities are demonstrated in the changes that have occured within the economies of the developed and the developing countries because the conditions that every country finds itself in are different the outcome of these changes are also to be different.The economic programs recommended to the developing countries, by organisations such as IMF, DB and WTO who conduct a high level of activity in the developed countries, are in the long term to create instability and be a cause for economic crisis in these countries. In this study the agricultural politics of the developing countries being placed in the lead and the effect of international organisations on these politics have been dealt withIn this study, which is based especially on the example of Turkey, the external and internal dinamics that have affected the agricultural evolution from the Ottomon period to date have been taken into consideration. In Turkey the role of Agriculture in employment, its share in GSMH and during the past period how much and in what way it has benefited from support, has been examined Just like every developing country Turkey also has made efforts to become industrialised and it has been seen how as a result of these efforts joined together with the politics of organisations such as IMF, DB, and WTO agriculture is being liquidated. In conclusion together with the privatisation of the Agricultural KİT?s (Public Economic Enterprises) the support directed towards agriculture over a period of time has been reduced and has resulted in a large amount of impoverishment in the agricultural sector. The external trade agreements signed with the developed countries and the agreements signed with the international organisations have shown parallelisms and it has been understood that these agreements have had a negative effect on the agricultural development of countries which are developing. Küreselleşen dünya ile, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomilerinde meydana gelen değişmeler benzerlik gösterse de her ülkenin bulunduğu koşullar farklı olduğundan bu değişimin sonuçlar da farklı olmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerin büyük bir etkinliğinin olduğu IMF, DB ve WTO gibi kuruluşların, gelişmekte olan ülkelere önerdikleri ekonomik programlar, bu ülkelerin uzun vadede ekonomilerinde istikrarsızlık yaratmakta ve ekonomik krizlere neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, başta gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarım politikalarını ve uluslar arası kuruluşların bu politikalar üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Özellikle Türkiye örneği üzerine yapılan bu çalışmada, Osmanlı'dan günümüze tarımın evrimini etkileyen iç ve dış dinamikler göz önünde tutulmuştur. Türkiye'de tarımın istihdamdaki rolü, GSMH içindeki payı ve geçen sürede desteklemelerden ne kadar ve nasıl yararlandığı incelenmiştir. Gelişmekte olan tüm ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye'nin de sanayileşme çabası olduğunu ve bu çabanın IMF, DB ve WTO gibi kuruluşların politikalarıyla birleşerek tarımın nasıl tasfiye edildiği görülmüştür. Sonuçta, tarımsal KİT'lerin özelleştirilmesiyle tarıma yönelik desteklemeler zaman içerisinde azaltılmış ve tarım kesiminde büyük bir yoksullaşmaya neden olunmuştur. Gelişmiş ülkeler ile imzalanan dış ticaret anlaşmaları ve uluslararası kuruluşlarla imzalanan anlaşmalar paralellik göstermiş ve bu anlaşmaların gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarımsal gelişimini olumsuz etkilediği anlaşılmıştır. 152

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    Authors: Aydin, Bahar;

    In this study, the world agriculture will be analyzed with the connection of rising globalization after 1980s, biotechnical developments and neo-liberal policies. With other words, the conversion of the subsistence traditional agriculture is analyzed in a historical perspective with the facts of today?s world. The modern agricultural techniques, the market economy and commercial production pressure will be discussed. Implications of this structural change in agriculture have different impacts on developed and developing countries. Although productivity increased dramatically in both developed and undeveloped countries, after a while, developed countries had surplus of products and that brought another problem with it to solve. They needed to market their surplus agricultural products. developed countries used ?international organizations? for converting developing countries basic ?local market? and adapted them to ?free market economy?. Although this situation created new markets for developed countries, undeveloped countries became increasingly dependent,in stratejik areas like food, to the developed countries. On the other hand, as the conventional farming started to have negative effects to both human and animal?s health, organic farming emerged. Unfortunately, both methods failed to find a solution to stop hunger. Throughout the world, few multi-national companies dominate the agricultural sector. Finally, all those negative effects have just one solution. Governments have to develop and implement immediate agricultural strategies based on their own agricultural structure which should sustain self-sufficiency. One of the main criteria on this national country plan should be the fair distribution among their citizens. Bu çalışmada küreselleşmenin 1980'lerden sonra hızlanmasında etkili olan neoliberal politikalar ve biyoteknolojik gelişmelerin dünya tarımını nasıl dönüştürdüğü incelenmiştir. Diğer bir ifadeyle dünya genelinde tarım sektörünün geleneksel geçimlik bir faaliyetten, modern tarım tekniklerinin kullanıldığı, piyasa için üretimde bulunan ticari bir faaliyete geçişi tarihsel bir perspektif içinde ele alınmıştır. Tarımın bu yapısal değişiminin gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelere yansımaları ise birbirinden farklı olmuştur. Bu değişimler bir taraftan hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde verimliliğin yükselmesine ve tarımsal üretimin artmasına neden oldu. Artan bu üretim bir süre sonra gelişmiş ülkelerde fazla üretim sorunlarına yol açtı. Bu fazla üretimi eritebilmek için ise söz konusu ülkeler, hem genel yapısı hem de ülke koşulları nedeniyle kamu desteğine ihtiyaç duyan gelişmekte olan ülkelerin tarım sektörlerini uluslararası örgütler aracılığıyla serbest piyasa koşullarına açtılar. Bu durum gelişmiş ülkelere fazla ürünlerini satacak yeni pazarlar yaratırken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ise beslenme gibi stratejik bir alanda giderek dışa bağımlı hale gelmelerine neden oldu. Diğer taraftan ise insan ve hayvan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilediği vb. gerekçelerle konvansiyonel tarıma alternatif bir yöntem olarak organik tarım yöntemi ortaya çıktı. Fakat her iki yöntemde açlığa bir çözüm getiremedi. Ayrıca dünya genelinde tarım sektörü, birkaç çok uluslu şirketin hakimiyeti altına girdi. Tüm bu olumsuzluklar ise ancak her ülkenin kendi tarımsal yapısına uygun, kendine yeterliliği sağlayacak ve üretilenlerin adil bölüşümünü esas alan devlet politikalarını uygulamasıyla giderilebilinir. 171

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