• Rural Digital Europe

This chapter presents research findings of an urban agriculture project conducted in several towns in Tanzania. It provides an introduction which explains the background to the project, and the main reasons for the persistence of markets for agricultural products within the subsistence economy. The chapter offers a brief discussion of the market flow of agricultural products. In Tanzania’s towns, urban agricultural products come from two sources: from livestock and crop enterprises. In the towns, the marketing of agricultural products is mainly based on several factors. In Tanzania, there are two sources of agricultural products which are sold in the urban markets. First, agricultural products come from household compounds of all socio-economic classes. The second source of agricultural products is the gardens, plots, and various open spaces that are not part of the urban dwellers’ household compounds. Several factors are involved in the production and the marketing operations, and the complexity tends to intensify and exacerbate the problems.

Avrupa Birliğinde ve Türkiye'de Tarımsal Organizasyonlar tezimin konusu, Sosyal Bilimlerde bilimsel disiplin ışığı altında organizasyonun anlamını tanımlamak ve Türkiye'deki tarımsal organizasyonlar ile birlikte Avrupa Birliği ülkelerindeki tarımsal örgüt modellerine kısa bir bakış yapmaktır.Bu yolla, araştırmacılar ve karar vericiler, Türkiye'de ve ABD'deki tarımsal yapıları kıyaslayabileceklerdir. Çalışmanın ışığında öncelikle tarımsal alandaki sorunlar tespit edilerek, tezin sonucunda bunlara çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.Tarım sektörü, nüfusun yiyecek ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak, endüstriye hammadde sağlamak, nüfusun bir kısmını istihdam etmek gibi nedenlerle bir ülkenin ekonomisinde anahtar sektör rolündedir. Ekonomik bir sektör olarak tarım sektörünün etkinliği ve üretkenliğini artırmak, tarımsal organizasyonların makro ekonomi üstündeki etkinliğine bağlıdır.Diğer tarafları tarımsal örgütler kırsal kalkınma üzerinde de doğrudan katkıya sahiptir. Türkiye'deki tarımsal organizasyonların sayıları ve nüfusa oranla üretici kesimin bunların ortaklığı, AB üyesi ülkelere yaklaşmaktadır. Fakat Türkiye'deki bu organizasyonlar, koordinasyon eksikliği ve organizasyon bozukluğu gerekçeleri ile Avrupa'daki benzerleri kadar etkin değildir. Bu çalışma ?Türkiye'deki tarımsal örgütlerin Avrupa Birliği'ndeki örgütlerle neden eşdeğer olmadığı? sorusuna cevap bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Düşünüldüğü gibi, bu çalışmada tespit ve tavsiyeler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tarihsel araştırma metodu ve tanımlayıcı araştırma metodu kullanılmıştır. The subject of the thesis ?The Agricultural Organization Models In EU and Turkey is to define the organization mean as a science discipline at social sciences and to glimpse at the organization models in agricultural area in Turkey together with the counterpart organizations in EU. It is aimed in this way that searchers and decision makers may compare the structures of agricultural organizations in Turkey and EU. In the frame of the study, coincide problems in the agricultural area and solution suggestions to manage them take place at the end of the thesis.Agriculture sector still has a key importance in economy of a country because of to meet the food requirement of the population, to supply the raw materials to industry, to deploy some of population, and so on. As an economical sector, in agriculture, it can be assumed to productivity and affectivity of agricultural organizations has a significant role on macro economy of country. On the other hand, mentioned functions of agricultural organizations may have a direct contribution on rural development. So, this strategic role makes these organizations attractive to as an instrument on the base of development Public intervention and public auditing has an importance on defining the method of organization structures.It is obvious that the number of agricultural organizations and rate of their members to general population, Turkey approaches the counterparts in EU, but these organizations in Turkey still can?t be as effective as in EU at the economy, because lack of coordination and organization awareness. In the study it is aimed to find the response of the question ?why the agricultural organizations managed a reasonable way on economies in EU countries but not in Turkey?? As it is thought, with this study some basic matters diagnosed, some specific solution suggestions offered in the thesis. In the study it is practiced on ?historical research methods? and ?descriptive research methods. 102

ABSTRAKT Tarım sektörüne sermaye sağlanmasında etkili bir araç olan tarımsal kredinin tarımsal gelişme acısından irdelendiği bu çalışmada, kredi uygulamaları makro düzeyde ve araştırma alanı olan Manisa merkez ilce bazında değerlendirilmiştir, ülke genelinde ve araştırma alanında tarımsal kredi kullanımının tarımsal üretim teknikleri, modern girdi kullanımı ve üretime olan etkilerinin de araştırıldığı çalışmada, kredi uygulamalarına dönük sorunlar tesbit edilmiş ve bazı öneriler getirilmiştir. ABSTRACT This study investigates agricultural credits, which is an important device in supplying capital to agricultural sector, -from the agricultural development stand point, at macro level and in the central county o-F Manisa province. The e-F-Fect o-F credit usage on agricultural techniques, on modern input usage and on production have been reviewed in the research area and in the whole country and the impacts and some proposals related to credit usage have been discussed. xxiii 322

Agricultural social service system is strong support for agricultural development. According to the experiences of developing agriculture from countries all over the world, agricultural social service system plays a significant role in promoting the steady growth of agricultural production, increasing income of farmers and realizing agricultural modernization. Need-will of current agricultural social services and the corresponding ability to pay of farmers were analyzed. Farmers' demand of agricultural social services were agricultural technology services, agricultural information services, agricultural material supply services, agricultural credit services, agricultural machinery-operation services, agricultural infrastructure construction services, agricultural post-natal services and agricultural insurance services according to demand degree from strong to weak. By using ELES extended linear expenditure model, combining the data of farmers' income and expenditure, it could be concluded that: 3.44% of rural households was unable to pay for agricultural social services; 18.61% of rural households were lack of the ability to pay; 77.95% had certain ability to pay. Therefore, our state should take some measures to intensify support of agricultural social services and increase moderately towards business services in order to meet the farmers' service demand.

40 ÖZET Dünya' da ve Türkiye'de hızla çoğalan nüfusun sağlıklı bir şekilde beslenebilmesi için aynı kalan tarımsal alanlarda, üretimin arttırılması gerekmektedir. Dolayısıyla birim alandan daha fazla mahsul alabilmek için tan m girdilerinin çok iyi ve dengeli bir şekilde kullanılması ve uygulanılması gerekir. Bunun için başta mekanizasyon olmak üzere diğer tarımsal girdilere de gereken önemin verilmesi zorunlu olmaktadır. Bu anlamda, İ ZMİ R-MANİSA- AYDIN yörelerinde Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı; Tarım Kredi Kooperatiflerinin tarımsal mekanizasyonla ve gelişmesiyle ilişkisi, bulundukları yörelerde tarımsal işletmelerin rasyonel raakinalaşmasındaki etkisi ve uygulamada karşılaştıkları tarımsal mekanizasyona ilişkin sorunlar ve geleceğe yönelik gelişim eğilimi saptanmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak araştırma çalışmaları gerçekleştirilirken anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Anketler İZMİR-MANİSA-AYDIN illerinde bulunan 23 adet Tarım Kredi Kooperatifi, 21 adet Tarım Kredi Kooperatifine ortak çiftçi ve 2 adet Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri ile anlaşmalı üretici firmada yapılmıştır. Araştırmalarda bütün kooperatiflerin yöre şartlarına göre alet makina sattığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca kooperatife ortak durumda bulunan çiftçilerin genelde kooperatif hizmetlerinden memnun olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Tarım Kredi Kooperatiflerinin çiftçiyle en yakın dialogda olan teşkilat olması sebebiyle üretici41 firmaların mallarını kooperatifler vasıtasıyla satmak istemesi de anketlerden çıkan bir sonuçtur. Ayrıca Türkiye'deki alet makinaların %70-75'inin Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri vasıtasıyla satıldığından yola çıkarak, üretici firmalar anlaşma şartlarına uygun alet makina çıkarmak zorunda kalacaklardır. Bu gibi işlerde de en uygun, tam anlamıyla bu işi yapabilecek olanlar Tarımsal Mekanizasyon bölümü mezunları olacaktır. Dolayısıyla ortaya kaliteli, vasıflarına uygun alet makinalar çıkacak, çiftçi bunu rahatlıkla kullanabilecek, az zamanda yaptığı daha fazla iş ile kâra geçecek ve gelişmekte olan Türkiye'deki Tarımsal Mekanizasyon böylelikle en üst seviyeye gelecektir. 42 SUMMARY So that the population, which increase rapidly in the world and in Türkiye, can be fed it is necessary that the production has to show rising on the agricultural areas which are the same. So, the agricultural input must be adjusted very well and balanced in order to get much more production from the unit field. So, at first to the mechanisation and to the other agricultural inputs it has to be given the necessary importance. In thi3 meaning, in the areasof İZMİ R-MANİSA-AYDIN, agricultural credit cooperatives have been examined. The aim of research İ3 to fix the correction of agricultural credit cooperatives and agricultural mechanisation and its developing, and the effect of agricultural enterprise on rational mechanisation on the area where they have been, and the problems which they have met on practising about the agricultural mechanisation and the developing tendency which directs to the future. Direct to this aim while the research tryings were being realised the practising of questionnaire has been done. Questionnaires have been done on the 23 agricultural credit cooperatives and 21 farmer which are partner to the agricultural credit cooperatives which are in the area of İ ZMİ R- MANİSA and AYDIN. In researchs, it is fixed that all the cooperatives has sold the instrument machine according to the condition of area. In addition it has been understood that the workers who are partner to the cooperatives are glad from the service of the cooperative in general. Because the agricultural credit cooperatives are in43 the closest dialogue organisation to the farmer, it is a result that comes out from the questionnaires that the producer firms want to 9ell their productions by the help of the cooperatives. In addication, if we go from a reality that 70-75 percent of the instrument machines in Türkiye has been sold by the help of agricultural credit cooperatives, the producer firms will have to produce instrument machine which are suitable to agreement conditions. In these work, too, like that, the most suitable, exactly, who will be able to do this work will be the people who are graduated from the devision of agricultural mechanisation. Therefore, quality and suitable to the qualities instrument machines will come out and the farmer will use these easily and in short time he will do much more work and get more profit and by this way, agricultural mechanisation which has been developing in Türkiye will come to the highest level. 45

Adopting Cobb-Douglas production function model and Lucas model to analyze traditional and modern agricultural economy, obtaining that a modern agricultural economy with investment in human capital has more advantages than the traditional agriculture relying mainly on land and labor resources, therefore, we should push forward the change of agricultural economic growth way of China. The results show that in a long-term balanced growth path, agricultural output growth at a constant speed, agricultural resources no longer constrain farmers' income, traditional agriculture in the rural labor force with the increase of farmers in the history of declining output will no longer exist. In the modern agricultural economy, farmers in the agricultural production process can use advanced agricultural technology, through improving seed varieties, fertilizers and pesticides to improve the quality of advanced agricultural machinery and equipment to improve the use of essential agricultural production levels, thereby promoting scientific progress in agriculture.