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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Musa Ndiaye; Stephen S. Oyewobi; Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz; Gerhard P. Hancke; +2 Authors

    The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic, has brought with it changes to the general way of life. Major sectors of the world industry and economy have been affected and the Internet of Things (IoT) management and framework is no exception in this regard. This article provides an up to date survey on how a global pandemic such as COVID-19 has affected the world of IoT technologies. It looks at the contributions that IoT and associated sensor technologies have made towards virus tracing, tracking and spread mitigation. The associated challenges of deployment of sensor hardware in the face of a rapidly spreading pandemic have been looked into as part of this review article. The effects of a global pandemic on the evolution of IoT architectures and management have also been addressed, leading to the likely outcomes on future IoT implementations. In general, this article provides an insight into the advancement of sensor-based E-health towards the management of global pandemics. It also answers the question of how a global virus pandemic has shaped the future of IoT networks.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Leonid L. Grishchenko; Yuliya L. Korabelnikova; Oleg N. Dyadkin;

    It’s not a secret to anyone that the twenty-first century is characterized as a time of information transformation, and more recently, of the digitalization of all spheres of management. Digital technologies are being introduced into our lives all existing spheres, for example: politics, social sphere, economy. At the international level, the issues of digitalization are receiving the closest attention. In the Russian Federation, as we see, only the first, timid steps are being taken in the regulation of public relations in this area. This is due, first of all, to the facts that to date, legal scholars and lawmakers haven’t sufficiently decided on the concept of «digitalization». This also led to the fact that Russian legislation doesn’t have a coherent, clear legal regulation of these issues, and therefore, relevant government authorities are only launching test sandboxes in test mode in order to study law enforcement practice in the area of digitalization of industry, education, medicine and other areas in order, on the one hand, to prevent violations of the law, and, on the other, to achieve effective legal regulation. This position led to a contradiction between the need for further progress in the area of digitalization and the imperfection of the legal support of public administration in the current conditions, which requires immediate correction. The purpose of this article is to identify gaps in the legal regulation of public administration in various spheres of life and formulate proposals aimed at addressing them. The research methodological base was composed of: universal scientific methods: the general scientific dialectic method of cognition, other special methods for studying social and legal phenomena and processes: formal-logical; systemic; complex; concrete sociological.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://doi.org/10.1...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: De Grandpre, Louis; Tardif, Jacques C.; Hessl, Amy; Pederson, Neil; +4 Authors

    In light of a significant increase in the warming trend observed in recent decades in semi-arid Mongolia, tree-ring attributes and anomalies were analysed to detect potential changes in the growth-climate relationship. In a moisture-limited environment, an increase in temperature could cause a shift in the seasonal response of trees to climate. Chronologies were developed for the dominant tree species (Larix sibirica Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, and Pinus sylvestris L.) from north-central Mongolia. In addition to annual ring width, both earlywood and latewood width were measured, and tree-ring anomalies such as false rings and light rings were systematically identified. Earlywood width was mainly associated with precipitation in the year prior to ring formation and early growing season conditions. Temperature was associated with current year growth and mainly influenced latewood development. False rings were good indicators of early summer droughts, whereas light rings were mainly associated with a cold end of summer. A seasonal shift in the significance of monthly climate variables was observed in recent decades. This displacement presumably resulted from changes in the timing and duration of the growing season. Tree growth starts earlier in spring and is now affected by late summer to early autumn climate conditions. Canada Research Chairs Program; University of Winnipeg

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationenserver ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Canadian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationenserver ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Canadian Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Michael Klinge; Choimaa Dulamsuren; Florian D. Schneider; Stefan Erasmi; +3 Authors

    The Mongolian forest-steppe is highly sensitive to climate change and environmental impact. The intention of this study was to identify, which geoecological parameters control forest distribution and tree growth in this semi-arid environment, and to evaluate the actual and potential tree biomass. For this purpose, we applied a combination of tree biomass and soil mapping, remote sensing and climate data analysis to a study area in the northern Khangai Mountains, central Mongolia. Forests of different landscape units and site conditions generally showed minor differences in tree biomass. We found no significant correlation between tree biomass and NDVI (normalized differentiated vegetation index). Tree biomass was reduced at forest edges, in small fragmented forest stands of the steppe-dominated area, and in large forest stands, compared to all other forest units. The tree biomass of forests on slopes ranged between 25 and 380 Mg ha−1. The mean tree biomass in forests of 10–500 ha was 199–220 Mg ha−1, whereby tree biomass at the forest edges was 50–63 Mg ha−1 less than in the interior parts of the forests. The mean tree biomass of forests > 500 ha was 182 Mg ha−1, whereas that of forests −1. Forests in alluvial plains had maximum tree biomasses of 440–688 Mg ha−1. In contrast to tree biomass, the spatial extension of forests showed distinct relationships with topographic and climatic parameters. Presence of forest was controlled by elevation ( The actual forests of the study area covered 1,086 km2. In 1986, prior to extensive forest fires, it was 1,898 km2. The actual tree biomass of 20 × 109 g represented 57 % of that in 1986. Modelling of the potential forest area resulted in 3,552 km2, with 65 × 109 g tree biomass (based on topographic parameters) and 3,113 km2 with 58 × 109 g tree biomass (based on climatic parameters), respectively. The modelled potential forest area was thus about three times the actual forest area.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biogeosciences (BG)arrow_drop_down
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    Biogeosciences (BG)
    Other literature type . 2020
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    https://bg.copernicus.org/prep...
    Preprint
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-202...
    Preprint . 2020
    License: CC BY
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2020
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      Other literature type . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-202...
      Preprint . 2020
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2020
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    Authors: Kaoma M.; Mwanza M.; Bowa C.K.; Çetin N.S.; +1 Authors

    About 50% of the Zambia's population in the rural areas do not have access to an improved source of water supply, thus relies on untreated water from shallow wells, streams and rivers for drinking and other activities. The lack of access to clean water is associated with water related illnesses and other negative social impacts. This paper aimed to propose use of solar energy in water pumping systems for water supply in rural areas of Zambia. The information used is from secondary sources.Use of the solar energy in water pumping system is not only an important part of providing household with clean drinking water alternative, but also important for access to an improved source of water supply for rural households and sustainable water resource development in Zambia. The paper further investigates the potential of using solar energy in water pumping system to avert the nation's disease burden and its sustainability using number of employment created as indicator. The analyzed results indicate that the use of solar energy in water pumping systems have the potential of reducing the Zambia's social cost burden by 30% which translate to about US$61million saving per year and can create employment of about 24,000 in Zambia. country.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ege University Insti...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ege University Insti...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: R Tsolmon; K Yanagida; M Erdenetuya; L Ochirhuyag;

    The study aimed at determining the relative proportions of forest cover and other components in a mixed pixel. For this purpose a linear mixing model was used for the derivation of a land cover classification map in two study areas of Tuv province, Mongolia. Main types of forest cover change are forests to burn scars and agricultural fields in the study areas. In this paper, two reflective channels 3 and 4 of LANDSAT ETM+ and reflective channels land 2 of MODIS data was used to map five and four land components respectively. Clouds proportion was derived using MODIS data. A synergy between high-resolution MODIS and Landsat ETM+ data may greatly enhance the operational success of satellite based vegetation monitoring, in providing multi-spectral data on parameters of the environment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.40Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2007 No 4 pp.50-59

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    Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
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      Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Manjula Ranagalage; Ruci Wang; M. H. J. P. Gunarathna; Dmslb Dissanayake; +2 Authors

    Forecasting landscape changes is vital for developing and implementing sustainable urban planning. Presently, apart from lowland coastal cities, mountain cities (i.e., hill stations) are also facing the negative impacts of rapid urbanization due to their economic and social importance. However, few studies are addressing urban landscape changes in hill stations in Asia. This study aims to examine and forecast landscape changes in the rapidly urbanizing hill station of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. Landsat data and geospatial techniques including support vector machines, urban−rural gradient, and statistical analysis were used to map and examine the land use/land cover (LULC) change in Nuwara Eliya during the 1996−2006 and 2006−2017 periods. The multilayer perceptron neural network-Markov model was applied to simulate future LULC changes for 2027 and 2037. The results show that Nuwara Eliya has been directly affected by rapid urban development. During the past 21 years (1996−2017), built-up areas increased by 1791 ha while agricultural land declined by 1919 ha due to augmented urban development pressure. The pressure of urban development on forest land has been relatively low, mainly due to strict conservation government policies. The results further show that the observed landscape changes will continue in a similar pattern in the future, confirming a significant increase and decrease of built-up and agricultural land, respectively, from 2017 to 2037. The changes in agricultural land exhibit a strong negative relationship with the changes in built-up land along the urban−rural gradient (R2 were 0.86 in 1996−2006, and 0.93 in 2006−2017, respectively). The observed LULC changes could negatively affect the production of unique upcountry agricultural products such as exotic vegetables, fruits, cut flowers, and world-famous Ceylon tea. Further, unplanned development could cause several environmental issues. The study is important for understanding future LULC changes and suggesting necessary remedial measures to minimize possible undesirable environmental and socioeconomic impacts.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ladislav Kristoufek; Karel Janda; David Zilberman;

    AbstractWe use the wavelet coherence methodology to investigate the relations between prices of ethanol and its feedstocks. Our continuous wavelet framework allows for discovering price connections and their evolution in both time and frequency domain in the most important ethanol markets – Brazil and the USA. For both of these markets, we show that the long‐run relationship between prices of ethanol and corn (in the USA) or sugar (in Brazil) is positive, strong and stable in time. Importantly, we show that the prices of feedstock lead the prices of ethanol and not the other way around. The price lead of feedstock is documented for both short‐ and long‐run horizons. Our qualitative results hold true even when the influence of crude oil prices is accounted for by utilizing partial wavelet coherence approach.

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    GCB Bioenergy
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
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  • Authors: D. Amarsaikhan; Hans Heinrich Blotevogel; M. Ganzorig; T.-H. Moon;

    The aim of this study is to compare the changes that occurred in the main urban land-cover classes of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia, during a centralized economy with those that occurred during a market economy and to describe the socio-economic reasons for the changes. For this purpose, multi-temporal remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) data sets, as well as census data, are used. To extract the reliable urban land-cover information from the selected remotely sensed data sets, a refined parametric classification algorithm that uses spatial thresholds defined from local and contextual knowledge is constructed. Before applying the classification decision rule, some image fusion techniques are applied to the selected remotely sensed data sets to define the most efficient fusion method for training sample selection and for defining local and contextual knowledge. Overall, the study indicates that during the centralized economy significant changes occurred in a ger area of the city, whereas ...

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    Authors: Edward B. Barbier;

    In developing economies, especially those without oil and natural gas reserves, the most important source of natural wealth is agricultural land. In these economies, the agricultural land base is expanding rapidly through conversion of forests, wetlands, and other natural habitat (Barbier). Lopez identifies most of sub-Saharan Africa, parts of East and South East Asia, and the tropical forests of South America as regions with "abundant land" and open-access resource conditions that are prone to agricultural expansion. Widespread land and resource conversion is occurring in many of these areas, mainly due to the high degree of integration of rural areas with the national and international economy as well as population pressures. Agricultural land expansion in many tropical regions is also spurred by the poor intensification of agriculture in many tropical developing countries, where use of irrigation and fertilizer is low (FAO 1997; FAO 2003). This article explores further the economic factors underlying agricultural land expansion and tropical deforestation in developing countries. The main focus is on land-use change in the tropics, as this is where the majority of the world's poorest countries are located.1 The paper first provides a brief summary of

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    American Journal of Agricultural Economics
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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      American Journal of Agricultural Economics
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    Authors: Musa Ndiaye; Stephen S. Oyewobi; Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz; Gerhard P. Hancke; +2 Authors

    The novel coronavirus (COVID-19), declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic, has brought with it changes to the general way of life. Major sectors of the world industry and economy have been affected and the Internet of Things (IoT) management and framework is no exception in this regard. This article provides an up to date survey on how a global pandemic such as COVID-19 has affected the world of IoT technologies. It looks at the contributions that IoT and associated sensor technologies have made towards virus tracing, tracking and spread mitigation. The associated challenges of deployment of sensor hardware in the face of a rapidly spreading pandemic have been looked into as part of this review article. The effects of a global pandemic on the evolution of IoT architectures and management have also been addressed, leading to the likely outcomes on future IoT implementations. In general, this article provides an insight into the advancement of sensor-based E-health towards the management of global pandemics. It also answers the question of how a global virus pandemic has shaped the future of IoT networks.

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      IEEE Access
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Leonid L. Grishchenko; Yuliya L. Korabelnikova; Oleg N. Dyadkin;

    It’s not a secret to anyone that the twenty-first century is characterized as a time of information transformation, and more recently, of the digitalization of all spheres of management. Digital technologies are being introduced into our lives all existing spheres, for example: politics, social sphere, economy. At the international level, the issues of digitalization are receiving the closest attention. In the Russian Federation, as we see, only the first, timid steps are being taken in the regulation of public relations in this area. This is due, first of all, to the facts that to date, legal scholars and lawmakers haven’t sufficiently decided on the concept of «digitalization». This also led to the fact that Russian legislation doesn’t have a coherent, clear legal regulation of these issues, and therefore, relevant government authorities are only launching test sandboxes in test mode in order to study law enforcement practice in the area of digitalization of industry, education, medicine and other areas in order, on the one hand, to prevent violations of the law, and, on the other, to achieve effective legal regulation. This position led to a contradiction between the need for further progress in the area of digitalization and the imperfection of the legal support of public administration in the current conditions, which requires immediate correction. The purpose of this article is to identify gaps in the legal regulation of public administration in various spheres of life and formulate proposals aimed at addressing them. The research methodological base was composed of: universal scientific methods: the general scientific dialectic method of cognition, other special methods for studying social and legal phenomena and processes: formal-logical; systemic; complex; concrete sociological.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: De Grandpre, Louis; Tardif, Jacques C.; Hessl, Amy; Pederson, Neil; +4 Authors

    In light of a significant increase in the warming trend observed in recent decades in semi-arid Mongolia, tree-ring attributes and anomalies were analysed to detect potential changes in the growth-climate relationship. In a moisture-limited environment, an increase in temperature could cause a shift in the seasonal response of trees to climate. Chronologies were developed for the dominant tree species (Larix sibirica Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, and Pinus sylvestris L.) from north-central Mongolia. In addition to annual ring width, both earlywood and latewood width were measured, and tree-ring anomalies such as false rings and light rings were systematically identified. Earlywood width was mainly associated with precipitation in the year prior to ring formation and early growing season conditions. Temperature was associated with current year growth and mainly influenced latewood development. False rings were good indicators of early summer droughts, whereas light rings were mainly associated with a cold end of summer. A seasonal shift in the significance of monthly climate variables was observed in recent decades. This displacement presumably resulted from changes in the timing and duration of the growing season. Tree growth starts earlier in spring and is now affected by late summer to early autumn climate conditions. Canada Research Chairs Program; University of Winnipeg

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    Canadian Journal of Forest Research
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Canadian Journal of Forest Research
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Michael Klinge; Choimaa Dulamsuren; Florian D. Schneider; Stefan Erasmi; +3 Authors

    The Mongolian forest-steppe is highly sensitive to climate change and environmental impact. The intention of this study was to identify, which geoecological parameters control forest distribution and tree growth in this semi-arid environment, and to evaluate the actual and potential tree biomass. For this purpose, we applied a combination of tree biomass and soil mapping, remote sensing and climate data analysis to a study area in the northern Khangai Mountains, central Mongolia. Forests of different landscape units and site conditions generally showed minor differences in tree biomass. We found no significant correlation between tree biomass and NDVI (normalized differentiated vegetation index). Tree biomass was reduced at forest edges, in small fragmented forest stands of the steppe-dominated area, and in large forest stands, compared to all other forest units. The tree biomass of forests on slopes ranged between 25 and 380 Mg ha−1. The mean tree biomass in forests of 10–500 ha was 199–220 Mg ha−1, whereby tree biomass at the forest edges was 50–63 Mg ha−1 less than in the interior parts of the forests. The mean tree biomass of forests > 500 ha was 182 Mg ha−1, whereas that of forests −1. Forests in alluvial plains had maximum tree biomasses of 440–688 Mg ha−1. In contrast to tree biomass, the spatial extension of forests showed distinct relationships with topographic and climatic parameters. Presence of forest was controlled by elevation ( The actual forests of the study area covered 1,086 km2. In 1986, prior to extensive forest fires, it was 1,898 km2. The actual tree biomass of 20 × 109 g represented 57 % of that in 1986. Modelling of the potential forest area resulted in 3,552 km2, with 65 × 109 g tree biomass (based on topographic parameters) and 3,113 km2 with 58 × 109 g tree biomass (based on climatic parameters), respectively. The modelled potential forest area was thus about three times the actual forest area.

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    Biogeosciences (BG)
    Other literature type . 2020
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    https://bg.copernicus.org/prep...
    Preprint
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    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-202...
    Preprint . 2020
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-202...
      Preprint . 2020
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      Copernicus Publications
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    Authors: Kaoma M.; Mwanza M.; Bowa C.K.; Çetin N.S.; +1 Authors

    About 50% of the Zambia's population in the rural areas do not have access to an improved source of water supply, thus relies on untreated water from shallow wells, streams and rivers for drinking and other activities. The lack of access to clean water is associated with water related illnesses and other negative social impacts. This paper aimed to propose use of solar energy in water pumping systems for water supply in rural areas of Zambia. The information used is from secondary sources.Use of the solar energy in water pumping system is not only an important part of providing household with clean drinking water alternative, but also important for access to an improved source of water supply for rural households and sustainable water resource development in Zambia. The paper further investigates the potential of using solar energy in water pumping system to avert the nation's disease burden and its sustainability using number of employment created as indicator. The analyzed results indicate that the use of solar energy in water pumping systems have the potential of reducing the Zambia's social cost burden by 30% which translate to about US$61million saving per year and can create employment of about 24,000 in Zambia. country.

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    Authors: R Tsolmon; K Yanagida; M Erdenetuya; L Ochirhuyag;

    The study aimed at determining the relative proportions of forest cover and other components in a mixed pixel. For this purpose a linear mixing model was used for the derivation of a land cover classification map in two study areas of Tuv province, Mongolia. Main types of forest cover change are forests to burn scars and agricultural fields in the study areas. In this paper, two reflective channels 3 and 4 of LANDSAT ETM+ and reflective channels land 2 of MODIS data was used to map five and four land components respectively. Clouds proportion was derived using MODIS data. A synergy between high-resolution MODIS and Landsat ETM+ data may greatly enhance the operational success of satellite based vegetation monitoring, in providing multi-spectral data on parameters of the environment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i4.40Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2007 No 4 pp.50-59

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    Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Manjula Ranagalage; Ruci Wang; M. H. J. P. Gunarathna; Dmslb Dissanayake; +2 Authors

    Forecasting landscape changes is vital for developing and implementing sustainable urban planning. Presently, apart from lowland coastal cities, mountain cities (i.e., hill stations) are also facing the negative impacts of rapid urbanization due to their economic and social importance. However, few studies are addressing urban landscape changes in hill stations in Asia. This study aims to examine and forecast landscape changes in the rapidly urbanizing hill station of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. Landsat data and geospatial techniques including support vector machines, urban−rural gradient, and statistical analysis were used to map and examine the land use/land cover (LULC) change in Nuwara Eliya during the 1996−2006 and 2006−2017 periods. The multilayer perceptron neural network-Markov model was applied to simulate future LULC changes for 2027 and 2037. The results show that Nuwara Eliya has been directly affected by rapid urban development. During the past 21 years (1996−2017), built-up areas increased by 1791 ha while agricultural land declined by 1919 ha due to augmented urban development pressure. The pressure of urban development on forest land has been relatively low, mainly due to strict conservation government policies. The results further show that the observed landscape changes will continue in a similar pattern in the future, confirming a significant increase and decrease of built-up and agricultural land, respectively, from 2017 to 2037. The changes in agricultural land exhibit a strong negative relationship with the changes in built-up land along the urban−rural gradient (R2 were 0.86 in 1996−2006, and 0.93 in 2006−2017, respectively). The observed LULC changes could negatively affect the production of unique upcountry agricultural products such as exotic vegetables, fruits, cut flowers, and world-famous Ceylon tea. Further, unplanned development could cause several environmental issues. The study is important for understanding future LULC changes and suggesting necessary remedial measures to minimize possible undesirable environmental and socioeconomic impacts.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ladislav Kristoufek; Karel Janda; David Zilberman;

    AbstractWe use the wavelet coherence methodology to investigate the relations between prices of ethanol and its feedstocks. Our continuous wavelet framework allows for discovering price connections and their evolution in both time and frequency domain in the most important ethanol markets – Brazil and the USA. For both of these markets, we show that the long‐run relationship between prices of ethanol and corn (in the USA) or sugar (in Brazil) is positive, strong and stable in time. Importantly, we show that the prices of feedstock lead the prices of ethanol and not the other way around. The price lead of feedstock is documented for both short‐ and long‐run horizons. Our qualitative results hold true even when the influence of crude oil prices is accounted for by utilizing partial wavelet coherence approach.

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    GCB Bioenergy
    Other literature type . Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: D. Amarsaikhan; Hans Heinrich Blotevogel; M. Ganzorig; T.-H. Moon;

    The aim of this study is to compare the changes that occurred in the main urban land-cover classes of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia, during a centralized economy with those that occurred during a market economy and to describe the socio-economic reasons for the changes. For this purpose, multi-temporal remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) data sets, as well as census data, are used. To extract the reliable urban land-cover information from the selected remotely sensed data sets, a refined parametric classification algorithm that uses spatial thresholds defined from local and contextual knowledge is constructed. Before applying the classification decision rule, some image fusion techniques are applied to the selected remotely sensed data sets to define the most efficient fusion method for training sample selection and for defining local and contextual knowledge. Overall, the study indicates that during the centralized economy significant changes occurred in a ger area of the city, whereas ...

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    Authors: Edward B. Barbier;

    In developing economies, especially those without oil and natural gas reserves, the most important source of natural wealth is agricultural land. In these economies, the agricultural land base is expanding rapidly through conversion of forests, wetlands, and other natural habitat (Barbier). Lopez identifies most of sub-Saharan Africa, parts of East and South East Asia, and the tropical forests of South America as regions with "abundant land" and open-access resource conditions that are prone to agricultural expansion. Widespread land and resource conversion is occurring in many of these areas, mainly due to the high degree of integration of rural areas with the national and international economy as well as population pressures. Agricultural land expansion in many tropical regions is also spurred by the poor intensification of agriculture in many tropical developing countries, where use of irrigation and fertilizer is low (FAO 1997; FAO 2003). This article explores further the economic factors underlying agricultural land expansion and tropical deforestation in developing countries. The main focus is on land-use change in the tropics, as this is where the majority of the world's poorest countries are located.1 The paper first provides a brief summary of

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    American Journal of Agricultural Economics
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      American Journal of Agricultural Economics
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